Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
12
Опубликована: Дек. 23, 2021
Rheumatoid
arthritis
(RA)
is
an
autoimmune
disorder
characterized
by
inflammation
and
bone
erosion.
The
exact
mechanism
of
RA
still
unknown,
but
various
immune
cytokines,
signaling
pathways
effector
cells
are
involved.
Disease-modifying
antirheumatic
drugs
(DMARDs)
commonly
used
in
treatment
classified
into
different
categories.
Nevertheless,
based
on
a
"trial-and-error"
approach,
substantial
proportion
patients
show
failed
therapy
for
each
DMARD.
Over
the
past
decades,
great
efforts
have
been
made
to
overcome
failure,
including
identification
biomarkers,
exploration
reasons
loss
efficacy,
development
sequential
or
combinational
DMARDs
strategies
approval
new
DMARDs.
Here,
we
summarize
these
efforts,
which
would
provide
valuable
insights
accurate
clinical
medication.
While
gratifying,
researchers
realize
that
far
from
enough
recommend
specific
individual
patients.
Precision
medicine
emerging
medical
model
proposes
highly
individualized
tailored
approach
disease
management.
In
this
review,
also
discuss
potential
precision
overcoming
with
introduction
cutting-edge
technologies
big
data.
Pharmaceutics,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
17(4), С. 504 - 504
Опубликована: Апрель 11, 2025
The
synthetic
cortisol
analog
budesonide
(BUD)
is
an
essential
drug
employed
to
manage
chronic
inflammatory
diseases
in
humans,
mainly
those
involving
gastroenteric
and
airway
mucosa,
such
as
rhinitis,
laryngitis,
bronchitis,
esophagitis,
gastritis,
colitis,
with
high
levels
of
success.
As
a
glucocorticoid,
BUD
prevents
the
expression
pro-inflammatory
cytokines/chemokines
recruitment
immune
cells
into
inflamed
mucosa.
However,
emerging
evidence
indicates
that
BUD,
unlike
classical
glucocorticoids,
also
potent
modulator
stem
cancer
cell
behavior/plasticity.
Certainly,
stabilizes
cell–cell
adhesions,
preventing
embryonic
differentiation
inhibiting
development
3D
gastruloids.
In
addition,
inhibits
motile/invasive
propensity
different
cells,
including
breast,
lung,
pancreatic
cancer.
Finally,
it
infection
positive
single-stranded
human-infecting
RNA
viruses
SARS-CoV-2.
At
molecular
level,
induces
epigenetic
changes
modifies
transcriptome
epithelial,
stem,
providing
support
cell-independent
activity
BUD.
Here,
we
performed
in-depth
review
these
unexpected
activities
identified
by
unbiased
screening
programs,
emphasize
mechanisms
modulated
this
efficacious
deserve
further
research.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
12
Опубликована: Дек. 23, 2021
Rheumatoid
arthritis
(RA)
is
an
autoimmune
disorder
characterized
by
inflammation
and
bone
erosion.
The
exact
mechanism
of
RA
still
unknown,
but
various
immune
cytokines,
signaling
pathways
effector
cells
are
involved.
Disease-modifying
antirheumatic
drugs
(DMARDs)
commonly
used
in
treatment
classified
into
different
categories.
Nevertheless,
based
on
a
"trial-and-error"
approach,
substantial
proportion
patients
show
failed
therapy
for
each
DMARD.
Over
the
past
decades,
great
efforts
have
been
made
to
overcome
failure,
including
identification
biomarkers,
exploration
reasons
loss
efficacy,
development
sequential
or
combinational
DMARDs
strategies
approval
new
DMARDs.
Here,
we
summarize
these
efforts,
which
would
provide
valuable
insights
accurate
clinical
medication.
While
gratifying,
researchers
realize
that
far
from
enough
recommend
specific
individual
patients.
Precision
medicine
emerging
medical
model
proposes
highly
individualized
tailored
approach
disease
management.
In
this
review,
also
discuss
potential
precision
overcoming
with
introduction
cutting-edge
technologies
big
data.
