Double Diabetes: A Converging Metabolic and Autoimmune Disorder Redefining the Classification and Management of Diabetes DOI Open Access

Rajeev Kumar Chaudhary,

O. Ali,

Amrendra Kumar

и другие.

Cureus, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 12, 2025

This review explores the pathophysiology, clinical implications, and management of double diabetes. The increasing prevalence obesity, sedentary lifestyles, genetic predisposition has blurred difference between type 1 2 diabetes, leading to diagnostic therapeutic challenges. Double diabetes presents with overlapping symptoms from both types, making accurate diagnosis crucial. Biomarkers, such as C-peptide levels, autoantibody testing, insulin resistance markers, help differentiate classic subtypes. Early intervention is necessary because condition's elevated risk microvascular macrovascular consequences, retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease. Effective integrates pharmacological lifestyle approaches. Metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, therapy adjustments all boost glycemic control metabolic results. Additionally, structured exercise, dietary modifications, weight are essential for reducing preserving beta-cell activity. potential precision medicine, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven healthcare, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers promising advancements personalized treatment strategies. Future research should focus on targeted immunotherapies, profiling, refined guidelines improve early detection individualized treatment, long-term outcomes. emphasizes need a multidisciplinary approach in managing ensuring diagnosis, optimized improved health mitigate complications.

Язык: Английский

Double Diabetes: A Converging Metabolic and Autoimmune Disorder Redefining the Classification and Management of Diabetes DOI Open Access

Rajeev Kumar Chaudhary,

O. Ali,

Amrendra Kumar

и другие.

Cureus, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 12, 2025

This review explores the pathophysiology, clinical implications, and management of double diabetes. The increasing prevalence obesity, sedentary lifestyles, genetic predisposition has blurred difference between type 1 2 diabetes, leading to diagnostic therapeutic challenges. Double diabetes presents with overlapping symptoms from both types, making accurate diagnosis crucial. Biomarkers, such as C-peptide levels, autoantibody testing, insulin resistance markers, help differentiate classic subtypes. Early intervention is necessary because condition's elevated risk microvascular macrovascular consequences, retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease. Effective integrates pharmacological lifestyle approaches. Metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, therapy adjustments all boost glycemic control metabolic results. Additionally, structured exercise, dietary modifications, weight are essential for reducing preserving beta-cell activity. potential precision medicine, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven healthcare, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers promising advancements personalized treatment strategies. Future research should focus on targeted immunotherapies, profiling, refined guidelines improve early detection individualized treatment, long-term outcomes. emphasizes need a multidisciplinary approach in managing ensuring diagnosis, optimized improved health mitigate complications.

Язык: Английский

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