
Frontiers in Environmental Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13
Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2025
The rapid decline in environmental quality and the expanding ecological footprint (EFP) have become critical challenges, particularly for G20 nations that play a central role global economic growth. This study investigates determinants of its sub-components across 17 G 20 countries over period 1996 to 2021. Using advanced econometric methods such as cross-sectional dependence tests, slope homogeneity unit root cointegration GMM, fixed effect models, Granger causality analysis, this research provides comprehensive analysis key drivers. findings highlight technological advancements significantly reduce footprint, especially by enhancing regulations fostering sustainable practices. Human capital (HC) institutional (IQ) emerge contributors sustainability, while globalization (GB) demonstrates mixed effects on outcomes. Moreover, stringent policies (EPS) exhibit robust bidirectional causal relationships with EFP, underscoring their vital mitigating degradation. underscores importance targeted governmental interventions promote innovation, strengthen frameworks, enforce rigorous regulations. These insights provide actionable guidance balance growth aligning sustainability goals.
Язык: Английский