The Accumulation of Visceral Fat in Postmenopausal Women: The Combined Impact of Prenatal Genetics, Epigenetics, and Fat Depot Heterogeneity—A Descriptive Review

Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 52(2)

Опубликована: Фев. 18, 2025

Objective: This review aims to provide an overview of the factors contributing central obesity, particularly in postmenopausal women, who are affected at a global rate 26%. It emphasizes heterogeneity adipocytes, impact prenatal genetic factors, and role estrogenic neuroendocrine regulation. Additionally, explores paradoxical functions visceral fat identifies primary depots that may contribute its overall function. Mechanism: Estrogen deficiency is key factor adiposity among leading reduction subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) increase (VAT) compared premenopausal women. deactivates pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), desensitizes vagal cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) receptors, hyperactivates hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis, resulting increased food intake decreased energy expenditure. The differences between VAT SAT, such as expandability, anatomic location, free fatty acid (FFA) mobility, facilitate transfer from SAT VAT, thereby obesity. also compensates for by releasing estradiol, inflammatory anti-inflammatory adipocytokines, increasing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) activity, which potentiates glucocorticoid ultimately development metabolic syndromes. heterogeneous, including distinct mesenteric, gonadal, perirenal fat. Mesenteric play significant body weight regulation insulin resistance, while other interact more closely with surrounding organs regulate various physiological functions. Understanding crucial identifying adiposopathy markers associated knowledge can inform holistic, personalized therapeutic bodybuilding approaches, helping patients mitigate risks current hormone therapies. Findings Brief: ratio shaped combination genetics, regulation, postnatal epigenetic influenced environmental availability deficiency. accumulation exhibits roles, aiding adaption surplus stress simultaneously Within exists, mesenteric playing Long-term protective strategies during perimenopausal menopausal periods include restriction maintenance normal levels. Personalized diets supplementation hold promise alleviating Further exploration relationship fat, accumulation, syndromes could help clarify existing contradictory evidence position potential target effective interventions aimed symptoms fewer side effects. Conclusions: Visceral women consequence due deficiency, followed VAT. suggests components have different roles major depots.

Язык: Английский

The role of quantitative body composition analysis in population in the assessment and monitoring of cardiovascular risk metabolic factors

Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 27(12), С. 128 - 128

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский