Freund’s adjuvant is a classic of vaccine adjuvants and the basis of experimental immunology
The Journal of V N Karazin Kharkiv National University series Medicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
50, С. 414 - 439
Опубликована: Ноя. 13, 2024
Background.
The
invention
of
vaccines
is
rightfully
considered
one
the
triumphs
medical
research
and
most
remarkable
achievements
in
public
health
history
humanity.
According
to
World
Health
Organization,
vaccination
saves
5
lives
every
minute
has
saved
over
25
million
from
2011
2020.
effectiveness
a
vaccine
depends
not
only
on
components
antigen
but
also
adjuvants,
which
are
often
used
for
more
effective
stimulation
immune
system.
Purpose
–
characterize
modern
understanding
particularly
Freund’s
adjuvant,
as
foundation
experimental
immunology
based
open
source
information.
Materials
Methods.
selection
publications
was
conducted
using
databases
such
PubMed,
Clinical
Key
Elsevier,
Cochrane
Library,
eBook
Business
Collection,
others,
provided
information
adjuvant.
In
first
stage,
search
literature
sources
performed
keywords:
complete
alum,
adjuvant
arthritis,
immunology.
second
abstracts
articles
were
reviewed,
that
did
meet
criteria
excluded.
third
full
texts
selected
examined
compliance
with
inclusion
relevance
studies.
Results.
1924,
G.
Ramon
demonstrated
co-administration
diphtheria
anatoxin
he
had
recently
developed
other
compounds
tapioca,
lecithin,
agar,
starch
oil,
saponin,
others
enhances
antitoxin
reactions
diphtheria.
1942,
J.
Freund
potent
form
water-in-oil
emulsion
mineral
oil
contained
heat-killed
mycobacteria
(Mycobacterium
tuberculosis),
named
However,
time,
banned
use
humans
due
its
toxicity.
Despite
numerous
studies,
until
2009,
aluminum
salts
dominated
adjuvants
licensed
vaccines.
Beginning
2010,
demand
development
new
noticeably
increased,
especially
following
several
pandemics
Ebola,
Zika,
COVID-19.
It
known
enhance
adaptive
immunity
by
activating
innate
cells.
main
concept
their
effect
promote
production
presentation
signals
costimulatory
antigen-presenting
model
arthritis
induced
created
study
pathogenesis
including
rheumatoid
gout,
osteoarthritis,
well
evaluate
certain
anti-arthritis
anti-inflammatory
drugs.
Conclusions.
Vaccine
encompass
wide
range
chemical
substances
responses
through
physical
or
binding
antigens.
significant
influences
formation
antigens
20th
century
Gaston
(1886–1963),
Alexander
Glenny
(1882–1965),
Jules
(1890–1960).
Complete
historically
been
remains
useful
tools
immunologists.
antigenic
mixtures
biological
tissue
extracts
along
allows
reproduction
various
organ-specific
autoimmune
diseases
laboratory
animals
(such
myocarditis,
hepatitis,
thyroiditis,
encephalomyelitis,
etc.),
facilitating
preclinical
studies
potential
immunomodulating
symptomatic
therapeutic
agents.
Язык: Английский
Methods of saponin purification from Quillaja sp. for vaccine adjuvant production
Frontiers in Natural Products,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
3
Опубликована: Янв. 7, 2025
Saponins
are
natural
glycosides
found
in
many
plant
species;
they
have
a
hydrophobic
region,
consisting
of
steroid
or
triterpenoid
skeleton
called
an
aglycone,
and
hydrophilic
sugar
chains
attached
to
the
aglycone
through
ether
ester
linkages.
This
combination
polar
nonpolar
elements
endows
saponins
with
soap-like
behaviour
aqueous
solutions.
Owing
their
structural
characteristics,
amphiphilic
nature
is
responsible
for
foaming
properties,
as
well
other
biological
functions,
including
haemolytic
activity.
The
adjuvant
properties
were
known
years
ago,
but
only
recent
been
approved
human
vaccine
use
this
manner.
from
Quillaja
saponaria
bark
source
preparations
use,
related
species,
brasiliensis,
also
contains
similar
saponin
compositions
that
can
be
obtained
leaves.
In
work,
we
describe
different
used
adjuvants
purification
methods
obtain
each
saponin.
Язык: Английский
Diphtheria antitoxin treatment: from pioneer to neglected
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
120
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
Diphtheria,
a
severe
respiratory
infection,
was
major
killer
of
children
until
the
early
years
20th
century.
Although
diphtheria
is
now
largely
controlled
globally
thanks
to
vaccination,
it
still
endemic
in
some
world
regions
and
large
epidemics
can
occur
where
vaccination
coverage
insufficient.
The
pathological
effects
caused
by
its
main
virulence
factor,
toxin,
be
diminished
passive
transfer
antibodies.
Equine
antitoxin
(eDAT),
cornerstone
treatment
against
toxinic
complications
diphtheria,
invented
more
than
130
ago,
1890,
use
today.
A
method
concentrate
anti-diphtheria
antibodies
from
hyperimmune
equine
serum
described
first
issue
Memórias
do
Instituto
Oswaldo
Cruz
1909.
On
this
historic
occasion,
we
present
recent
knowledge
on
taxonomic,
epidemiological
clinical
aspects
agents
that
produce
provide
historical
perspective
eDAT
treatment,
adverse
effects,
threats
scarce
international
supply,
current
avenues
for
alternative
therapeutic
strategies.
Язык: Английский
Application of in-silico approaches in subunit vaccines: Overcoming the challenges of antigen and adjuvant development
Journal of Controlled Release,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown, С. 113629 - 113629
Опубликована: Март 1, 2025
Язык: Английский
Exploring the Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors as Immunostimulatory Molecules
Immunity Inflammation and Disease,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
13(5)
Опубликована: Май 1, 2025
ABSTRACT
Background
Pattern
recognition
receptors
(PRRs)
are
the
of
innate
immune
system
that
play
a
vital
role
in
initiating
response.
PRRs
recognize
pathogen
associated
molecular
patterns
(PAMPs)
and
activate
cells
through
signaling
cascade.
Due
to
this
remarkable
ability
pathogenic
microbes
elucidation
an
response
well‐organized
manner,
PRR
agonizts
likely
have
great
potential
as
vaccine
adjuvants.
Recent
advancements
development
raised
concerns
regarding
reduced
immunogenicity
various
vaccines,
questioning
efficacy.
In
such
cases,
use
adjuvant
becomes
crucial.
Understanding
structure
downstream
will
provide
possibility
developing
novel
therapeutic
approach.
Method
The
rapidly
evolving
field
immunology
vaccinology,
coupled
with
increasing
focus
on
disease
therapy,
demands
comprehensive
overview.
review,
we
all‐inclusive
contemporary
gist
applications
their
agonizts.
We
explored
adjuvant.
current
review
integrates
basic
understanding
recent
findings
highlighting
emerging
trends
same.
Result
Our
highlights
combining
multiple
could
offer
synergistic
benefits.
This
approach
might
prove
advantageous
potentially
enhance
efficacy
reduce
need
for
excessive
immunogens.
Conclusion
A
subset,
application
knowledge
be
significant
formulating
approaches.
Язык: Английский
The Importance and Use of Adjuvants in Vaccine Production Technology: A Mini-review
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
36(6), С. 350 - 358
Опубликована: Июнь 12, 2024
Aims:
To
provide
an
overview
of
vaccine
adjuvants,
with
insights
into
the
importance,
classification,
and
use
these
substances
in
production
technology.
Methodology:
An
exploratory-descriptive
literature
review
was
carried
out,
a
qualitative
approach.
The
search
guided
by
keywords
(vaccine
adjuvant,
chemical
composition
vaccine,
immunological
aluminum
salts
+
among
others)
conducted
according
to
following
criteria:
original
studies
published
during
period
between
2000
2024,
available
as
full
text;
those
using
experimental
clinical
methodology
were
included.
Results:
Vaccine
adjuvants
play
important
role
success
technology
used.
With
advancement
knowledge,
have
gone
from
used
increase
immunogenicity
vaccines
highly
purified
antigen
that
induce
response,
acting
molecular
patterns
associated
pathogens.
In
this
study,
most
common
classes
or
studies,
their
characteristics,
benefits,
limitations
are
presented.
There
already
well
known
terms
effects
(e.g.:
mineral
salts).
However,
there
also
(e.g.
polysaccharides)
require
even
more
be
widely
incorporated
Conclusion:
Adjuvants
integral
part
ongoing
development
effective
vaccines.
Therefore,
it
is
necessary
continue
regarding
benefits
different
types
currently
available,
such
continuing
for
new
expand
increasingly
guarantee
technologies.
Язык: Английский