Journal of Biomedical Science,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
32(1)
Опубликована: Янв. 4, 2025
Abstract
Mosquito-borne
flaviviruses
represent
a
public
health
challenge
due
to
the
high-rate
endemic
infections,
severe
clinical
outcomes,
and
potential
risk
of
emerging
global
outbreaks.
Flavivirus
disease
pathogenesis
converges
on
cellular
factors
from
vectors
hosts,
their
interactions
are
still
unclear.
Exosomes
microparticles
extracellular
vesicles
released
cells
that
mediate
intercellular
communication
necessary
for
maintaining
homeostasis;
however,
they
have
been
shown
be
involved
in
establishment
progression.
This
review
focuses
roles
mosquito-borne
flavivirus
diseases:
how
contribute
viral
cycle
completion,
cell-to-cell
transmission,
responses
such
as
inflammation,
immune
suppression,
evasion,
well
use
biomarkers
or
therapeutics
(antiviral
vaccines).
We
highlight
current
findings
concerning
functionality
different
models
dengue
virus,
Zika
yellow
fever
Japanese
encephalitis
West
Nile
virus
infections
diseases.
The
available
evidence
suggests
diverse
functions
between
constituting
novel
effectors
understanding
pathogenic
mechanisms
flaviviral
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14
Опубликована: Сен. 14, 2023
Zika
virus
(ZIKV)
remains
a
global
public
health
threat
with
the
potential
risk
of
future
outbreak.
Since
viral
infections
are
known
to
exploit
mitochondria-mediated
cellular
processes,
we
investigated
effects
ZIKV
infection
in
trophoblast
cells
terms
different
mitochondrial
quality
control
pathways
that
govern
integrity
and
function.
Here
demonstrate
(PRVABC59)
JEG-3
manipulates
dynamics,
mitophagy,
formation
mitochondria-derived
vesicles
(MDVs).
Specifically,
nonstructural
protein
4A
(NS4A)
translocates
mitochondria,
triggers
fission
suppresses
associated
antiviral
(MAVS)-mediated
type
I
interferon
(IFN)
response.
Furthermore,
proteomics
profiling
small
extracellular
(sEVs)
revealed
an
enrichment
proteins
sEVs
secreted
by
ZIKV-infected
cells,
suggesting
MDV
may
also
be
another
mechanism
manipulated
during
placental
infection.
Altogether,
our
findings
highlight
mechanisms
as
host
immune
evasion
utilized
at
placenta
suppress
response
facilitate
Vaccines,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12(3), С. 280 - 280
Опубликована: Март 7, 2024
Exosomes
are
small
subtypes
of
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
naturally
released
by
different
types
cells
into
their
environment.
Their
physiological
roles
appear
to
be
multiple,
yet
many
aspects
biological
activities
remain
understood.
These
can
transport
and
deliver
a
variety
cargoes
may
serve
as
unconventional
secretory
vesicles.
Thus,
they
play
crucial
role
important
vectors
for
intercellular
communication
the
maintenance
homeostasis.
Exosome
production
content
vary
under
several
stresses
or
modifications
in
cell
microenvironment,
influencing
cellular
responses
stimulating
immunity.
During
infectious
processes,
exosomes
described
double-edged
swords,
displaying
both
beneficial
detrimental
effects.
Owing
tractability,
analysis
EVs
from
multiple
biofluids
has
become
booming
tool
monitoring
various
pathologies,
cancerous
origins.
In
this
review,
we
present
an
overview
exosome
features
discuss
particular
ambiguous
functions
contexts.
We
then
focus
on
properties
diagnostic
therapeutic
tools.
regard,
explore
capacity
vectorize
immunogenic
viral
antigens
function
mounting
adaptive
immune
responses.
As
provide
interesting
platforms
antigen
presentation,
further
review
available
data
engineering,
which
enables
peptides
interest
exposed
at
surface.
light
all
these
data,
emerging
promising
avenues
vaccine
strategies.
Viruses,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
15(12), С. 2333 - 2333
Опубликована: Ноя. 28, 2023
The
global
public
health
burden
exerted
by
viruses
partially
stems
from
viruses’
ability
to
subdue
host
cells
into
creating
an
environment
that
promotes
their
multiplication
(i.e.,
pro-viral).
It
has
been
discovered
alter
cell
physiology
transferring
viral
material
through
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs),
which
serve
as
vehicles
for
intercellular
communication.
Here,
we
aim
provide
a
conceptual
framework
of
all
possible
EV-virus
associations
and
resulting
functions
in
infection
output.
First,
describe
the
different
materials
potentially
associated
with
EVs
reporting
can
harbor
entire
virions,
proteins
nucleic
acids.
We
also
delineate
mechanisms
underlying
internalization
these
components
EVs.
Second,
potential
fate
EV-associated
cargo
detailing
how
EV
circulate
target
naive
once
secreted.
Finally,
itemize
pro-viral
strategies
Trojan
horse
strategy,
alternative
mode
transmission,
expansion
cellular
tropism,
pre-emptive
alteration
immunity
decoy.
With
this
overview,
stimulate
research
on
interactions.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(4), С. 2144 - 2144
Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2024
The
members
of
the
Flaviviridae
family
are
becoming
an
emerging
threat
for
public
health,
causing
increasing
number
infections
each
year
and
requiring
effective
treatment.
consequences
these
can
be
severe
include
liver
inflammation
with
subsequent
carcinogenesis,
endothelial
damage
hemorrhage,
neuroinflammation,
and,
in
some
cases,
death.
mechanisms
pathogenesis
being
actively
investigated,
but
there
still
many
gaps
their
understanding.
Extracellular
vesicles
may
play
important
roles
mechanisms,
therefore,
this
topic
deserves
detailed
research.
Recent
data
have
revealed
involvement
extracellular
steps
such
as
transmission,
immune
evasion,
inflammation,
which
is
critical
disease
establishment.
This
review
covers
recent
papers
on
includes
examples
clinical
applications
accumulated
data.
Science Immunology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
9(93)
Опубликована: Март 8, 2024
Lymph
node
(LN)
germinal
centers
(GCs)
are
critical
sites
for
B
cell
activation
and
differentiation.
GCs
develop
after
specialized
CD169
+
macrophages
residing
in
LN
sinuses
filter
antigens
(Ags)
from
the
lymph
relay
these
Ags
into
proximal
follicles.
Many
viruses,
however,
first
reach
LNs
through
blood
during
viremia
(virus
blood),
rather
than
drainage
infected
tissue.
How
capture
viral
Ag
to
allow
GC
development
is
not
known.
Here,
we
followed
Zika
virus
(ZIKV)
dissemination
mice
subsequent
formation
both
tissue–draining
non-draining
LNs.
From
footpad,
ZIKV
initially
disseminated
two
chains,
infecting
leading
formation.
Despite
rapid
viremia,
were
several
days.
Non-draining
infection
correlated
with
virus-induced
vascular
leakage
neutralization
of
permeability
reduced
macrophage
attrition.
Depletion
significantly
decreased
cells
nodes.
Thus,
although
inefficiently
captured
directly
blood,
proceeded
similarly
draining
sinus
macrophages.
Together,
our
findings
reveal
a
conserved
pathway
allowing
activate
antiviral
distal
tissue
blood-borne
infection.
The
severe
acquired
respiratory
coronavirus–2
(SARS–CoV-2)
infection
has
initiated
both
acute
and
chronic
COVID–19
disease
between
2020
2023,
currently
evolving
with
other
homologous
prior
coronavirus
strains
of
the
Nidoviridae
order,
which
encompasses
prevalent
alpha/
beta
coronaviruses,
but
also
Middle
East
Respiratory
Syndrome
(MERS-CoV)
SARS-CoV-1,
recent
SARS–CoV–2
variants,
increasing
demands
for
effective
immunogens
therapeutic
approaches
that
will
reduce
global
burden
further
from
SARS–CoV-2
affected
individuals
may
experience
post
sequelae
(PASC)
or
“Long
COVID”.
Following
a
worldwide
programme
prophylactic
vaccination,
there
is
still
dilemma
in
efforts
to
find
early
would
treat
novel
SARS-CoV-2
variants
prevent
future
epidemics
pandemics
within
host
human
animal
populations,
where
zoonotic
cross
species
transfer
naturally
occurs.
Concerns
about
viral
immune
escape
intersect
at
specific
point;
gained
evolutionary
ability
several
viruses
co–infect
compete
against
previous
scientific
advances
since
1796
remain
undetected
asymptomatic
during
stages
progressing
symptomatic
via
double
methylation
5'
end
eukaryotic
DNA
RNA-based
genomes,
7-MeGpppA2’-O-Me
cap,
its
capping
process
performed
by
activated
2’
-
O
Methyltransferase
(MTase)
enzyme,
complex
two
non-structural
proteins
(NSPs)
joined
together
through
an
activation
(NSP10/16)
N7-Methyltransferase
(N7-MTase/NSP14),
respectively.
Moreover,
it
was
discovered
polymorphic
translate
NSP1,
prevents
various
Pattern
Recognition
Receptors
(PRRs),
consequently,
detection
Pathogen-Associated
Molecular
Patterns
(PAMPs)
Damage-Associated
(DAMPs)
alike.
NSP1
silences
important
interferon-encoding
genes
(INGs)
interferon-stimulated
(ISGs),
signalled
paracrine
manner
neighbouring
cells,
induces
apoptosis
inducing
effect
“trace
erase”
making
as
immunologically
“invisible”
possible
initial,
key
replication
distribution,
all
such
mechanisms
occurring
independently
cause.
Another
NSP
NSP14,
plays
functional
roles
are
independent
each
other;
produce
new
genetic
material
purpose
maintaining
validity
genome
well,
not
just
methyl
group
5’
genome.
Other
NSPs
share
role
10,
14
16
directly
suppressing
PRRs
ISGs,
help
virus
self-camouflaging
first-
second-line
immunity,
thereby
often
severely
impacting
quality
produced
adaptive
responses.
outcome
phenomena
sharp
decrease
Type
I
III
interferons'
(IFNs)
rate
synthesis
usually
occur
affect
homeostatic
cellular
pathways,
resulting
induced
apoptosis.
Nonetheless,
effects
microbial
evasion
development
carcinogenic
pathologies
widely
known.
In
short,
developed
proportionate
response
responses,
relying
on
gaps
mostly
situated
natural
system
their
molecular
self-camouflaging.
Scientists
numerous
treatment
generally
showed
good
success
rates
fewer
risks
adverse
events,
present
COVID-19
research
should
be
taken
into
consideration
whilst
filtering
most
appropriate
solutions.
For
example,
administration
recombinant
interferons
nasal
mucosa
layer,
mediators
anti–viral
activity,
can
simulate
intracellular
stimulate
activity
timely
manner,
training
innate
cells
develop
appropriately
adequate
B
T
cells.
example
could
involve
lymphocytes
low
dose
IFNs
possibly
III,
insertion
lymphatic
system,
alongside
additional
recruitment
plasmacytoid
dendritic
(pDCs)
interferon
“factories”,
management.
It
might
focusing
offering
information
genetics
protein
structure
pathogen,
rather
than
first-line
faster,
excessively
increases
specificity,
reach
level
brings
opportunity
evolve
previously-developed
mechanisms.
until
community
realises
this
potentially
crucial
aspect
large
proportions
world
population
probably
continue
face
serious
diseases
over
coming
decades,
evidenced
dengue
fever
more
recently,
monkeypox
avian
flu.
Of
note,
been
indicated
IFN
/
display
significant
immunising,
clinical
onset-attenuating
many
evoked
diseases,
well
number
oncological
diseases.
