BMC Infectious Diseases,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
24(1)
Опубликована: Янв. 6, 2024
Abstract
Background
The
aim
of
the
present
study
was
to
compare
epidemiological
patterns
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
coronavirus
2
(SARS-CoV2)
infections,
hospitalizations,
deaths,
and
duration
hospitalization
during
fourth,
fifth
sixth
epidemic
waves
disease
2019
(COVID-19)
in
Iran.
Methods
A
multicenter
retrospective
observational
conducted
on
hospitalized
patients
four
hospitals
Babol
district
northern
periods
were
fifth,
Iran,
(March
2021
March
2022).
total
13,312
with
suspected
COVID-19
included.
Patient
demographics,
medical
history,
length
hospital
stay,
clinical
outcomes
obtained
from
information
system.
Data
cycle
threshold
(Ct)
SARS-CoV2
variant
collected
for
SARS-CoV2-positive
cases.
Results
highest
number
reported
(Delta)
wave
(5231;
39.3%),
while
lowest
(Omicron)
(2143;
16.1%).
In
total,
6459
(48.5%)
out
had
a
positive
rRT-PCR
result.
rRT-PCR-positive
(3573,
55.3%),
(835,
12.9%).
Moreover,
238
(3.7%)
laboratory-confirmed
died.
mortality
rate
6.8%
fourth
(Alpha)
wave,
which
reduced
2.7
3.5%
waves,
respectively
(
p
<
0.001).
Conclusions
This
is
most
comprehensive
evaluating
epidemiologic
characteristics
cases
Iran
Alpha,
Delta,
Omicron
waves.
(dominance
Delta
variant),
variant)
number.
Comorbidities
similar,
cardiovascular
disease,
diabetes,
kidney
hypertension
main
risk
factors
all
Abstract
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)‐based
intercellular
communication
(through
exosomes,
microvesicles,
and
apoptotic
bodies)
is
conserved
across
all
kingdoms
of
life.
In
recent
years,
exosomes
have
gained
much
attention
for
targeted
pharmaceutical
administration
due
to
their
unique
features,
nanoscale
size,
capacity
significantly
contribute
cellular
communication.
As
drug
delivery
vehicles,
several
advantages
over
alternative
nanoparticulate
technologies.
A
key
advantage
lies
in
comparable
makeup
the
body's
cells,
which
makes
them
non‐immunogenic.
However,
face
challenges,
including
a
lack
an
effective
standard
production
technique,
decreased
loading
capacity,
limited
characterization
techniques,
underdeveloped
isolation
purification
procedures.
Exosomes
are
well
known
long‐term
safety
natural
ability
transport
nucleic
acids
medicinal
compounds
blood‐brain‐barrier
(BBB).
Therefore,
addition
revealing
new
insights
into
exosomes’
distinctiveness,
growing
availability
analytical
tools
may
drive
development
next‐generation
synthetic
systems.
Herein,
light
shed
on
as
vehicles
anti‐infective
therapy
by
reviewing
literature
primary
articles
published
between
2002
2023.
Additionally,
benefits
limitations
employing
therapeutic
also
discussed.
Vaccines,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
11(3), С. 507 - 507
Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2023
mRNA
vaccines
take
advantage
of
the
mechanism
that
our
cells
use
to
produce
proteins.
Our
proteins
based
on
knowledge
contained
in
DNA;
each
gene
encodes
a
unique
protein.
The
genetic
information
is
essential,
but
cannot
it
until
molecules
convert
into
instructions
for
producing
specific
vaccinations
provide
ready-to-use
constructing
BNT162b2
(Pfizer-BioNTech)
and
mRNA-1273
(Moderna)
both
are
newly
approved
mRNA-based
COVID-19
have
shown
excellent
protection
efficacy.
In
total,
there
five
more
vaccine
candidates
under
different
phases
clinical
development.
This
review
specifically
focused
covering
its
development,
mechanism,
aspects.
Vaccines,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
11(1), С. 160 - 160
Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2023
Omicron
variants
have
highly
influenced
the
entire
globe.
It
has
a
high
rate
of
transmissibility,
which
makes
its
management
tedious.
There
are
various
subtypes
omicron,
namely
BA.1,
BA.2,
BA.3,
BA.4,
and
BA.5.
Currently,
one
omicron
subvariant
BF.7
is
also
immersed
in
some
parts
India.
Further
studies
required
for
better
understanding
new
immersing
SARS-CoV-2
omicron.
They
differ
mutation
spike
proteins,
alters
their
attachment
to
host
receptor
hence
modifies
virulence
adaptability.
Delta
great
disastrous
influence
on
world,
especially
While
overcoming
it,
another
mutant
catches
pace.
The
Indian
population
affected
by
variants.
diagnosis
system
against
COVID-19.
demanded
forcemeat
health
care
system,
both
qualitatively
quantitively,
cope
with
wave.
alteration
protein,
major
target
vaccines,
leads
varied
immunization
subvariants.
efficacy
vaccines
variant
was
questioned.
Every
vaccine
had
different
shielding
effect
variant.
hesitancy
vaccination
prevalent
factor
India
that
might
contributed
outbreak.
prevalence
monkeypox,
tomato
flu
shared
similarities
distinct
features
when
compared
population.
This
review
emphasizes
changes
brings
it
how
outrage
this
dangerous
Viruses,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(5), С. 757 - 757
Опубликована: Май 10, 2024
Coronavirus
disease
2019
(COVID-19),
the
global
pandemic
caused
by
severe
acute
respiratory
syndrome
2
virus
(SARS-CoV-2)
infection,
has
millions
of
infections
and
fatalities
worldwide.
Extensive
SARS-CoV-2
research
been
conducted
to
develop
therapeutic
drugs
prophylactic
vaccines,
even
though
some
have
approved
treat
treatment
efficacy
remains
limited.
Therefore,
preventive
vaccination
implemented
on
a
scale
represents
primary
approach
combat
COVID-19
pandemic.
Approved
vaccines
vary
in
composition,
although
vaccine
design
based
either
key
viral
structural
(spike)
protein
or
components
carrying
this
protein.
mutations
virus,
particularly
S
protein,
severely
compromise
effectiveness
current
ability
control
infection.
This
review
begins
describing
mechanism
role
angiotensin-converting
enzyme
2,
host
defence
responses
against
infection
most
common
designs.
Next,
summarizes
how
these
change
properties,
confer
immune
escape
influence
efficacy.
Finally,
discusses
strategies
that
employed
mitigate
decreases
encountered
new
variants.
Molecules,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
28(5), С. 2332 - 2332
Опубликована: Март 2, 2023
The
COVID-19
pandemic
has
flared
across
every
part
of
the
globe
and
affected
populations
from
different
age
groups
differently.
People
aged
40
to
80
years
or
older
are
at
an
increased
risk
morbidity
mortality
due
COVID-19.
Therefore,
there
is
urgent
requirement
develop
therapeutics
decrease
disease
in
population.
Over
last
few
years,
several
prodrugs
have
demonstrated
significant
anti-SARS-CoV-2
effects
vitro
assays,
animal
models,
medical
practice.
Prodrugs
used
enhance
drug
delivery
by
improving
pharmacokinetic
parameters,
decreasing
toxicity,
attaining
site
specificity.
This
article
discusses
recently
explored
such
as
remdesivir,
molnupiravir,
favipiravir,
2-deoxy-D-glucose
(2-DG)
their
implications
population,
well
investigating
recent
clinical
trials.
Abstract
Background
The
COVID-19
pandemic,
caused
by
the
Severe
Acute
Respiratory
Syndrome
Coronavirus
2
virus,
emerged
in
late
2019
and
spready
globally.
Many
effects
of
infection
with
this
pathogen
are
still
unknown,
both
chronic
repeated
producing
novel
pathologies.
Case
presentation
An
immunocompromised
patient
presented
infection.
had
history
Hodgkin’s
lymphoma,
treated
chemotherapy
stem
cell
transplant.
During
course
their
treatment,
eleven
respiratory
samples
from
were
analyzed
whole-genome
sequencing
followed
lineage
identification.
Whole-genome
virus
present
over
time
revealed
that
at
various
timepoints
harboured
three
different
lineages
virus.
was
initially
infected
B.1.1.176
before
coinfection
BA.1.
When
coinfected
BA.1,
viral
populations
found
approximately
equal
proportions
within
based
on
read
abundance.
Upon
further
sampling,
during
final
two
to
be
BA.2.9.
eventually
developed
failure
died.
Conclusions
This
case
study
shows
an
example
changes
can
happen
who
is
multiple
times.
Furthermore,
demonstrates
how
simultaneous
lead
unclear
assignment
standard
methods,
which
resolved
investigation.
analyzing
reinfection
cases,
care
must
taken
properly
identify
present.
