Progress and prospect of polysaccharides as adjuvants in vaccine development

Virulence, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Ноя. 27, 2024

Vaccines are an effective approach to confer immunity against infectious diseases. Modern subunit vaccines offer more precise target and safe protection compared traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, require adjuvants stimulate the immune system due less immunogenicity. Adjuvants strengthen immunogenicity by enhancing, modulating, prolonging response. Unfortunately, few have sufficient potency low enough toxicity for clinical use, highlighting urgent need new vaccine with characteristics of safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness. Notably, some natural polysaccharides been approved as in human vaccines, owing their intrinsic immunomodulation, toxicity, high safety. Natural mainly derived from plants, bacteria, yeast. Partly difficulty obtaining them, synthetic emerged trials. The mechanisms both remain incompletely understood, hindering rational development polysaccharide adjuvants. This comprehensive review primarily focused on several promising adjuvants, discussing recent applications immune-modulatory effects. Furthermore, future perspectives insightful guidance adjuvant application.

Язык: Английский

Structure-based Design of Chimeric Influenza Hemagglutinins to Elicit Cross-group Immunity

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Дек. 17, 2024

Abstract Antigenic variability among influenza virus strains poses a significant challenge to developing broadly protective, long-lasting vaccines. Current annual vaccines target specific strains, requiring accurate prediction for effective neutralization. Despite sequence diversity across phylogenetic groups, the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain’s structure remains highly conserved. Utilizing this conservation, we designed cross-group chimeric HAs that combine antigenic surfaces from distant strains. By structure-guided transplantation of receptor-binding site (RBS) residues, displayed an H3 RBS on H1 HA scaffold. These immunogens elicit polyclonal responses capable neutralizing both base and distal Additionally, chimeras integrate heterotrimeric immunogens, enhancing modular vaccine design. This approach enables inclusion diverse strain segments generate broad responses. In future, such may serve as tools evaluating immunodominance refining immunization strategies, offering potential bridge enhance immune in individuals with pre-existing immunity. strategy holds promise advancing universal development. Graphical abstract: Overview Phylogenetically can be incorporated into by transplantation. The chimera are evaluated cross-reactivity subtype-specific antibodies ability multiple

Язык: Английский