Climate change in the Baltic Sea region: a summary

Earth System Dynamics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13(1), С. 457 - 593

Опубликована: Март 15, 2022

Abstract. Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge effects global warming past future changes climate Sea region is summarised assessed. The study an update Second Climate Change (BACC II) published 2015 focuses atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, terrestrial marine biosphere. summaries gained palaeo-, historical, regional research, we find that main conclusions from earlier assessments still remain valid. However, new long-term, homogenous observational records, for example, Scandinavian glacier inventories, sea-level-driven saltwater inflows, so-called Major Inflows, phytoplankton species distribution, scenario simulations with improved models, glaciers, lake ice, food web, have become available. In many cases, uncertainties can now be better estimated than before because more models were included ensembles, especially Sea. With help coupled feedbacks between several components system been studied, multiple driver studies performed, e.g. projections web include fisheries, eutrophication, change. New datasets led to a revised understanding some variables such as salinity. Furthermore, it has evident natural variability, particular ocean multidecadal timescales, greater previously estimated, challenging our ability detect observed projected climate. context, first palaeoclimate regionalised are instructive. Hence, increased. addition well-known influence North Atlantic Oscillation, was found also other low-frequency modes internal Multidecadal Variability, profound region. Challenges identified, systematic discrepancy cloudiness trends difficulty confidently attributing large ecosystems Finally, compare results coastal sea assessments, Region (NOSCCA), change differ those Sea, since oceanography very different seas While dynamics dominated by tides, characterised brackish water, perennial vertical stratification southern subbasins, seasonal ice cover northern subbasins.

Язык: Английский

---

Oceanographic regional climate projections for the Baltic Sea until 2100

Earth System Dynamics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13(1), С. 159 - 199

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2022

Abstract. The Baltic Sea, located in northern Europe, is a semi-enclosed, shallow and tideless sea with seasonal sea-ice cover its sub-basins. Its long water residence time contributes to oxygen depletion the bottom of southern In this study, recently performed scenario simulations for Sea including marine biogeochemistry were analysed compared earlier published projections. Specifically, dynamical downscaling using regionally coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model was used regionalise four global Earth system models. However, as regional does not include components representing terrestrial biogeochemistry, an additional catchment physical–biogeochemical included. take impact various level rise scenarios into account. According projections, present climate, higher temperatures, shallower mixed layer sharper thermocline during summer, less greater mixing winter can be expected. Both frequency duration heat waves will increase significantly, particular coastal zone (except regions frequent upwellings). Nonetheless, due uncertainties projections regarding winds, cycle rise, robust statistically significant salinity changes could identified. changing on biogeochemical cycling predicted considerable but still smaller than that plausible nutrient input changes. Implementing proposed Action Plan, abatement plan entire area, would result significantly improved ecological status reductions size hypoxic area also future which turn resilience against anticipated change. While our findings heat-cycle variables mainly confirm simulations, they differ substantially from cycles, differences experimental setups bioavailable nutrients.

Язык: Английский

---

Biogeochemical functioning of the Baltic Sea

Earth System Dynamics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13(1), С. 633 - 685

Опубликована: Март 31, 2022

Abstract. Location, specific topography, and hydrographic setting together with climate change strong anthropogenic pressure are the main factors shaping biogeochemical functioning thus also ecological status of Baltic Sea. The recent decades have brought significant changes in First, rising nutrient loads from land second half 20th century led to eutrophication spreading hypoxic anoxic areas, for which permanent stratification water column limited ventilation deep-water layers made favourable conditions. Since 1980s Sea been continuously decreasing. This, however, has so far not resulted improvements oxygen availability deep regions, revealed a slow response time system reduction land-derived loads. Responsible that is low burial efficiency phosphorus at conditions its remobilization sediments when oxic anoxic. This results stoichiometric excess available organic-matter production, promotes growth N2-fixing cyanobacteria turn supports eutrophication. assessment reviews published knowledge on In content, paper covers aspects related carbon, nitrogen, (C, N, P) external loads, their transformations coastal zone, production (eutrophication) remineralization (oxygen availability), role turnover C, P. addition that, this focuses marine CO2 system, structure microbial community, contaminants processes. comprehensive allowed identifying gaps future research needs field biogeochemistry

Язык: Английский

---

Abundance and distribution of microplastics in surface waters of the Kattegat/ Skagerrak (Denmark)

Environmental Pollution, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 318, С. 120853 - 120853

Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2022

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the ocean, and there is a general concern about their persistence potential effects on marine ecosystems. We still know little smaller size-fraction of MPs (MPs <300 μm), which not collected with standard nets for monitoring (e.g., Manta net). This study aims to determine concentration, composition, size distribution down 10 μm Kattegat/Skagerrak area. Surface water samples were at fourteen stations using plastic-free pump-filter device (UFO sampler) October 2020. The treated an enzymatic-oxidative method analyzed FPA-μFTIR imaging. concentrations ranged between 11 87 MP m-3, 88% being than 300 μm. most abundant shape fragments (56%), polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene dominant synthetic polymer types. concentration shows significant positive correlation seawater density. Furthermore, was tendency towards higher Northern Southern parts UFO sampler several orders magnitude those commonly found net due dominance fractions. Despite multiple sources area, level pollution surface waters low compared (<100 m-3) other regions. studied six lower causing negative pelagic organisms based laboratory exposure studies, thus expected cause any impact food web.

Язык: Английский

---

Exploring multiple stressor effects with Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace: Research designs, modeling techniques, and future directions

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 869, С. 161719 - 161719

Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2023

Understanding the cumulative effects of multiple stressors is a research priority in environmental science. Ecological models are key component tackling this challenge because they can simulate interactions between components an ecosystem. Here, we ask, how has popular modeling platform Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) been used to model human impacts related climate change, land and sea use, pollution, invasive species? We conducted literature review encompassing 166 studies covering other than fishing mostly aquatic ecosystems. The most modeled were physical change (60 studies), species introductions (22), habitat loss (21), eutrophication (20), using range techniques. Despite comprehensive coverage, identified four gaps that must be filled harness potential EwE for studying stressor effects. First, only 12% investigated three or more stressors, focusing on single stressors. Furthermore, many one pathways through which each known affect Second, various methods have applied define response functions representing groups. These large effect simulated ecological changes, but best practices deriving them yet emerge. Third, dimensions - except fisheries rarely considered. Fourth, 3% statistical designs allow attribution ecosystem changes stressors' direct interactions, such as factorial (computational) experiments. None made full use possibilities arise when simulations repeated times controlled inputs. argue all feasibly by integrating advances subfields science computational statistics.

Язык: Английский

---

Offshore wind power plant site selection in the Baltic Sea

Regional Studies in Marine Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 73, С. 103469 - 103469

Опубликована: Март 6, 2024

Язык: Английский

---

Disentangling the potential effects of four non-indigenous species on commercially and recreationally used fish stocks in the Baltic Sea—a review

Biological Invasions, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 27(2)

Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2025

Язык: Английский

---

Ecological risks associated with seaweed cultivation and identifying risk minimization approaches

Algal Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 69, С. 102967 - 102967

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Язык: Английский

---

The Baltic Sea under Anthropopressure—The Sea of Paradoxes

Water, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 14(22), С. 3772 - 3772

Опубликована: Ноя. 20, 2022

The Baltic Sea is a unique ecosystem that especially sensitive to anthropogenic pressure. We analysed human pressure in this sea, which may be considered as paradoxes. One of these, paradox “marine” pollution. almost totally surrounded by land and therefore sources marine pollution are located mainly on the land. Another connected with shipping traffic intensity maritime accidents. characterised large traffic, but last decades’ data show only more than 100, usually insignificant minor, accidents incidents at every year. Although relatively low native species number compared most systems, it home alien species. Moreover, despite common opinion sea source living resources, available riches under anthropopressure limited does not give expected benefits—it next paradox. fact warming rapidly due climate change suitable for bathing when weather favourable, massive algae growth often prevents it. Therefore, strong impact should sustainable use prioritised.

Язык: Английский

---

Exposure to nanopollutants (nZnO) enhances the negative effects of hypoxia and delays recovery of the mussels’ immune system

Environmental Pollution, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 351, С. 124112 - 124112

Опубликована: Май 3, 2024

Aquatic environments face escalating challenges from multiple stressors like hypoxia and nanoparticle exposure, with impact on mussel immunity, especially under prolonged its potential modulation by nanopollutants, poorly understood. We investigated the individual combined effects of short-term long-term exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) hemocytes immune response mussels (Mytilus edulis). Hemocyte functional traits (mortality, adhesion capacity, phagocytosis, lysosomal abundance, oxidative burst), transcript levels immune-related genes involved in pathogen recognition (the Toll-like receptors, complement system components, adaptor proteins MyD88) were assessed. Short-term minimally affected hemocyte parameters, while led immunosuppression, impacting viability, defensin gene expression. Under normoxia, nZnO stimulated responses hemocytes. However, induced more pronounced rapid immunosuppression than alone, indicating a synergistic interaction. hindered parameter recovery during post-hypoxic reoxygenation, suggesting persistent impact. Opposing trends observed pathogen-sensing pathogen-elimination mechanisms, positive correlation between pathogen-recognition activation mortality. These findings underscore complex relationship conflict ability, function, cell survival nanopollutant stress, emphasize importance considering assessing vulnerability adaptability environmental conditions anthropogenically modified coastal ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

---