Science Advances, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 9(41)
Опубликована: Окт. 12, 2023
Human cortical pyramidal neurons are large, have extensive dendritic trees, and yet unexpectedly fast input-output properties: Rapid subthreshold synaptic membrane potential changes reliably encoded in timing of action potentials (APs). Here, we tested whether biophysical properties voltage-gated sodium (Na
Язык: Английский
Nature reviews. Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 22(6), С. 372 - 384
Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2021
Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability material and social resources, is one strongest predictors lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only outcome but also pace brain development. We argue higher protracted structural development prolonged trajectory functional network segregation, ultimately leading to more efficient cortical networks in adulthood. hypothesize greater exposure chronic stress accelerates maturation, whereas access novel positive decelerates maturation. discuss impact variation on plasticity learning. provide generative theoretical framework catalyse future basic science translational research environmental influences Evidence suggests can its rate. Tooley, Bassett Mackey this suggest valence frequency early interact influence
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
364
Nature, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 598(7879), С. 151 - 158
Опубликована: Окт. 6, 2021
Abstract The neocortex is disproportionately expanded in human compared with mouse 1,2 , both its total volume relative to subcortical structures and the proportion occupied by supragranular layers composed of neurons that selectively make connections within other telencephalic structures. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses show an increased diversity glutamatergic neuron types pronounced gradients as a function cortical depth 3 . Here, probe functional anatomical correlates this diversity, we developed robust platform combining patch clamp recording, biocytin staining single-cell RNA-sequencing (Patch-seq) examine neurosurgically resected tissues. We demonstrate strong correspondence between morphological, physiological phenotypes five types. These were enriched but not restricted layers, one type varying continuously all across 2 3. deep portion layer contained highly distinctive cell types, two which express neurofilament protein labels long-range projection primates are depleted Alzheimer’s disease 4,5 Together, these results explanatory power cell-type classification, provide structural underpinning for complexity humans, implicate discrete vulnerable disease.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
247
JAMA Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 78(1), С. 47 - 47
Опубликована: Авг. 26, 2020
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
198
Nucleic Acids Research, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 48(D1), С. D354 - D359
Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2019
Abstract It's widely appreciated that liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) underlies the formation of membraneless organelles, which function to concentrate proteins and nucleic acids. In past few decades, major efforts have been devoted identify associated elucidate their functions. To better utilize knowledge dispersed in published literature, we developed PhaSepDB (http://db.phasep.pro/), a manually curated database proteins. Currently, includes 2914 non-redundant localized different organelles from literature database. provides protein summary, publication reference sequence features The reflect LLPS behavior are also available for other human candidates. online convenient interface research community easily browse, search download As centralized resource, believe will facilitate future study separation.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
192
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 26(11), С. 909 - 922
Опубликована: Сен. 15, 2022
Cortical expansion in humans might be driven by changes neuronal properties and connectivity rather than sheer increase numbers.Recent breakthroughs large-scale transcriptomic analyses of cortical neurons make it now possible to identify the genetic signature neuron types compare across species.Human upper layers contain with large complex dendrites that allow a single human perform computations similar multilayered network.Strong reliable synapses recover quickly from synaptic activity, fast signaling properties, help these efficiently process information.Several features neurons, such as dendritic size complexity also associate cognitive ability individuals, supporting link between function not only but within species. Human abilities are generally thought arise over course brain evolution. In addition increased numbers, this adaptations their local circuits. We review recent findings on distinct structural, functional, organization microstructure. focus supragranular layers, which showed most prominent during evolution, principal cells: pyramidal neurons. argue evolutionary accompany cortex partially underlie interindividual variability abilities. Compared other animals, cognition clearly stands out. Many species can display very intelligent behavior, typically tuned ecological niche. However, brains capable developing unique skills (e.g., sharing storing information through symbolic language), without civilization would possible. For thousands years, one fundamental questions philosophy neuroscience has been biological origin intelligence. What neurobiological principles species? A major development evolution mammalian is immense neocortex [1.DeFelipe J. The brain, nature circuits, intellectual creativity.Front. Neuroanat. 2011; 5: 29Crossref PubMed Scopus (307) Google Scholar]. supports higher functions characterize humans. Relative total size, cerebral largest among mammals, its grey white matter occupies 75–82% entire mass or volume [2.Herculano-Houzel S. remarkable, yet extraordinary, scaled-up primate associated cost.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. A. 2012; 109: 10661-10668Crossref (363) Scholar] noticeably larger number gyri [3.Fernández V. et al.Cerebral folding: what have we learned?.EMBO 2016; 35: 1021-1044Crossref (210) Larger cortices more thus computational units store information. comparison 75 mammals birds demonstrated avian pallium (see Glossary) correlates measurements [4.Herculano-Houzel Numbers capability.Curr. Opin. Behav. 2017; 16: 1-7Crossref (95) compared primates, both 'remarkable, extraordinary' key puzzle should sought solely overall anatomy. fact, just expected for same Furthermore, frontal often linked advantage (although relatively non-allometrically expanded [5.Preuss T.M. Wise S.P. Evolution prefrontal cortex.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022; 47: 3-19Crossref (36) Scholar]) disproportionately [6.Semendeferi K. al.Humans great apes share cortex.Nat. Neurosci. 2002; 272-276Crossref (406) Scholar,7.Smaers J.B. al.Exceptional humans.Curr. Biol. 27: 714-720Abstract Full Text PDF (84) Moreover, species, including humans, invariably contains 20–25% all even though relative reach 82% Hence, increases reflect non-neuronal Our activity almost hundred billion connections, form building blocks coding, processing, storage ultimately giving rise cognition. Given astronomic order 1014 1015 Scholar,8.DeFelipe al.Microstructure neocortex: comparative aspects.J. Neurocytol. 31: 299-316Crossref (480) Scholar], slightest efficiency transfer translate into impact power brain. Accelerated took place at scales organization: scale genes [9.Florio M. al.Evolution cell-type specificity human-specific preferentially expressed progenitors fetal neocortex.eLife. 2018; 7e32332Google regulation [10.Bozek al.Organization lipidome revealed analysis human, chimpanzee, macaque, mouse tissues.Neuron. 2015; 85: 695-702Abstract (108) proteins [11.Grant S.G.N. general basis synapse complexes.Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. 2009; 74: 249-257Google lipids influencing how [12.Elston G.N. al.The cell cognition: study monkey.J. 2001; 21: RC163Crossref networks [13.Ardesch D.J. al.Evolutionary multimodal association areas chimpanzees.Proc. 2019; 116: 7101-7106Crossref (71) [14.Changeux J.P. al.A connectomic hypothesis hominization brain.Cereb. Cortex. 2021; 2425-2449Crossref (33) evolve. result multiscale diversity structure connections. Thus, speed accomplish tasks rooted deeper hierarchy characteristics basic elements: [15.Dorus al.Accelerated nervous system Homo sapiens.Cell. 2004; 119: 1027-1040Abstract (344) Scholar, 16.Goriounova N.A. al.Large intelligence.eLife. 7e41714Crossref (63) 17.Lee al.Human vitro systems examining plasticity brain.J. Neurophysiol. 2020; 123: 945-965Crossref (7) 18.Hill R.S. Walsh C.A. Molecular insights evolution.Nature. 2005; 437: 64-67Crossref (163) Do specialized properties? Recent advances single-cell transcriptomics well identification types, physiological, morphological, molecular, us answer question. [19.Berg neocortical involves glutamatergic diversification.Nature. 598: 151-158Crossref (66) 20.Bakken T.E. al.Comparative cellular motor marmoset mouse.Nature. 111-119Crossref (143) 21.Hodge R.D. al.Conserved divergent versus cortex.Nature. 536: 171-178Google By comparing those evolutionarily conserved distinguished review, discuss vantage point attempt put forward may explain observed gap mental provide an overview evidence this. primarily adult abundant type, acknowledge neurotransmitter [22.Berto oligodendrocytes brain.Proc. 24334-24342Crossref (31) Scholar,23.Oberheim al.Astrocytic distinguishes brain.Trends 2006; 29: 547-553Abstract (516) likely contribute developmental timing play important role Although topic falls outside scope like reader excellent reviews [24.Doan R.N. transcriptional regulation: behavior neurological conditions.Annu. Rev. 41: 185-206Crossref (13) 25.Espinós mechanisms regulating neurogenesis.Dev. Neurobiol. 82: 428-453Google 26.Fenlon L.R. Timing mechanism cortex.Brain Evol. 97: 8-32Google Finally, our morpho-electric extensively studied layers. Comparing multiple orders [27.Butti C. cetartiodactyls: I. Golgi morphology bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae).Brain Struct. Funct. 220: 3339-3368Crossref (27) 28.Jacobs B. gigantopyramidal primary mammals.J. Comp. Neurol. 526: 496-536Google 29.Jardim-Messeder D. al.Dogs brain: trade-off body carnivoran species.Front. 11: 118Crossref (54) primates [30.Sherwood C.C. al.Invariant density scaling evolution.Cereb. 30: 5604-5615Crossref reveals does surface gyrencephalization thickness tends while densities decrease Scholar,31.Balaram P. Kaas J.H. 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Similarly, laminar follows From areas, gradient increasingly thicker [37.Wagstyl al.Cortical gradients structural hierarchies.Neuroimage. 111: 241-250Crossref (104) (supported mostly 3 (L3) 5 (L5), [38.Wagstyl al.BigBrain 3D atlas layers: diverge cortices.PLoS 18e3000678Crossref (68) Scholar]), arbors [39.Behav evolutions mammals: "over-700-gram club quartet".Brain 68-78Google Scholar,40.Elston Fujita Pyramidal development: postnatal spinogenesis, growth, axon electrophysiology.Front. 78Crossref (102) greater spines contacts [41.Jacobs al.Regional spine cortex: quantitative study.Cereb. 558-571Crossref (343) (Figure 1). particularly pronounced higher-order Scholar,42.Bianchi al.Dendritic chimpanzee regional specializations humans.Cereb. 23: 2429-2436Crossref (98) Even Betz cells cortex, although having soma covering big cats, longest length [20.Bakken Scholar,28.Jacobs Yet, remain constant, resulting highest per Scholar,30.Sherwood Scholar,43.Benavides-Piccione R. area differences morphology.J. 337-346Crossref (138) Scholar].Box 1Cortical neuronsIn arranged Scholar,47.Mohan H. axonal architecture individual neocortex.Cereb. 25: 4839-4853Crossref (116) 2–6 (L2–L6) predominantly (70–80%) projection cortex. They accumulate integrate vast pass locally subcortical excitatory synapses. load transmission lies strongly regulated shaped diverse population inhibitory interneurons [8.DeFelipe Scholar].The broad species: consist pyramidal-shaped gives apical basal dendrites. dendrite orientated towards ends distal tuft, extend radially layers.The stereotypical long tempted neuroscientists derive generalized rules connectivity. L1 mainly axons sparse regulate inputs [101.Genescu Garel Being superficial: viewpoint layer 1 wiring.Curr. 66: 125-134Crossref Based neuroanatomical physiological evidence, L2/L3, recurrent computation happens: L2/L3 many re-excitatory preamplify information, send output L5/L6 [102.Shepherd G.M. microcircuit concept applied evolution: three-layer six-layer cortex.Front. 30Crossref (76) L3 main source feedforward projections receive input superficial deep cells. L5 part direct thalamocortical cortico-cortical microcircuits dictate structures [103.Takahashi N. al.Active currents gate descending outputs 1277-1285Crossref (70) Scholar].Supragranular seem especially Figure 2 text). monkeys progressive shift connections (L5/L6) (L2/L3). proportion originate [44.Goulas mammals.Trends 775-788Abstract These proportionately [46.Hutsler J.J. layering enlargement rodent carnivore species.Brain Res. 1052: 71-81Crossref integration Supragranular Such represent intracortical L2 L3, Scholar,45.Semendeferi al.Prefrontal apes: 10.Am. Phys. Anthropol. 114: 224-241Crossref (493) proportionally thickest (~50%) followed (46%), carnivores (36%), then rodents (19%) suggesting distinctions devoted 2). effects do cells? Neurons connect making dendrites, physical space potential distinctive feature macaque On average, three times [47.Mohan 3, Key figure). Importantly, simp
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
78
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 24(10), С. 838 - 852
Опубликована: Авг. 5, 2020
Fluid intelligence tests predict success in many activities, suggesting cognitive mechanisms of broad importance.We propose a core process attentional integration. Complex problems must be segmented into simpler parts. Attention to each part integrates fragments computational structure.Fluid is linked the brain's multiple-demand (MD) system, defined by common activity across different demands. Across brain, MD patches shows anatomical and physiological properties adapted integration.Neurophysiology putative regions adaptive coding task-relevant information. Suiting integration, neurons show conjunctive (e.g., binding operations their target objects).In outline, these results suggest how distributed brain builds organized cognition. How does cognition arise from activity? Recent analyses fluid focus organizing components operation required structure. A cortical 'multiple-demand' system closely intelligence, recent imaging data define nine specific frontal, parietal, occipitotemporal cortex. Wide distribution, relative functional specialization, strong connectivity basis for matching electrophysiological evidence contents. Though still only can build complex, Organized any kind arises widely activity. An immediate question such integrated, allowing just right contents combined way current purposes. much certainly unknown, an outline view relevant psychological beginning appear. In this opinion article, we describe progress towards whole-brain understanding We begin with work on (see Glossary). Theoretical accounts processes control [1.Duncan J. et al.Intelligence frontal lobe: organization goal-directed behavior.Cognit. Psychol. 1996; 30: 257-303Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 2.Kane M.J. Engle R.W. The role prefrontal cortex working memory capacity, executive attention, general intelligence: individual-differences perspective.Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2002; 9: 637-671Crossref 3.Unsworth N. Robison M.K. locus coeruleus-norepinephrine account individual differences capacity attention control.Psychon. 2017; 24: 1282-1311Crossref (28) Scholar] integration [4.Wilhelm O. al.What measure it?.Front. 2013; 4: 433Crossref (104) and, based findings, synthesis two approaches. Results [5.Bishop S.J. al.COMT val158met genotype affects recruitment neural supporting intelligence.Cereb. Cortex. 2008; 18: 2132-2140Crossref 6.Duncan al.A intelligence.Science. 2000; 289: 457-460Crossref (721) 7.Prabhakaran V. al.Neural substrates reasoning: fMRI study neocortical activation during performance Raven's Progressive Matrices Test.Cognit. 1997; 33: 43-63Crossref lesion [8.Woolgar A. al.Fluid loss restricted damage within parietal cortex.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 2010; 107: 14899-14902Crossref (118) studies relate well-known network which previously have called [9.Duncan primate brain: mental programs intelligent behaviour.Trends Cogn. 14: 172-179Abstract Full Text PDF (853) Scholar,10.Duncan structure cognition: episodes mind brain.Neuron. 80: 35-50Abstract (239) Scholar]. detailed anatomy physiology they illuminate underpinning findings conclude some questions that scheme raises future work. fundamental psychometric discovery positive manifold: extent, all abilities tend correlations [11.Spearman C. General objectively determined measured.Am. 1904; 15: 201-293Crossref Scholar,12.Spearman Abilities Man. Macmillan, 1927Google Scholar], even those surface are dissimilar. his foundational work, Spearman proposed or g factor contributes task. If model fit correlational data, novel problem-solving turn out excellent measures g, reflecting fact that, diverse task battery, it will largest average wide range others. 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But travel Japan, solver progressive subgoals flying, buying ticket, logging onto internet, now, sitting at laptop, becomes plan movement [26.Sacerdoti E.D. Planning abstraction spaces.Artif. Intell. 1974; 5: 115-135Crossref This reasoning aspect 'control' segmentation: knowledge domain moves available solver, separate, more easily soluble Early theoretical [27.Carpenter P.A. one test measures: Raven Test.Psychol. 1990; 97: 404-431Crossref emphasized segmentation problems. [28.Duncan al.Complexity compositionality intelligence.Proc. 114: 5295-5299Crossref (26) modified traditional little was left beyond requirement. 1C, entries cell had three (in case, line straight curved, longer center right, arrow pointing right). To minimize demands 1A), participant drew answer response box, drawn soon determined. appears trivial once focused figures focusing arrow) but, nevertheless, participants low scores standard struggled solve simplified 1E, blue). confirm significant requirement, used were presegmented, figure presented its own 1D). component exactly same produced original figures, now performed well red). Sometimes, contrasted Scholar,29.Chuderski Even information critical intelligence.Intelligence. 2019; 77: 101396Crossref According accounts, key together representation. light instructive 'attend' 1C determine should point left). Evidently, direction matrix. correctly bound positions whole. layout arrows related overall conception means solution 'look right'. Doubtless, solving guided internal reward signals successful create integrated precisely correct combinations relationships. structures built, useful representing step closer goal. need – creating steps behavior, consisting assembled obvious argue, lies heart 2), helping explain why variety behavior. Segmentation minimized very tasks, here, elements, way, behavioral Rather than conflicting, reflect views process. Focused resistance distraction, defines assembles elementary operation. Our thus places popular broader 'cognitive control' conceived. Of course, material represented object requires subcortical areas, object's action affordances [30.Duncan al.Competitive attention.Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7: 255-261Crossref (392) Scholar,31.Phaf R.H. al.SLAM: selection tasks.Cognit. 22: 273-341Crossref For step, may perhaps brain. calls mechanism widespread, flexible access whatever Along domains, system: increases almost load ([9.Duncan Scholar,32.Duncan Owen A.M. Common recruited demands.Trends 23: 475-483Abstract (1793) Scholar,33.Fedorenko E. al.Broad generality focal 110: 16616-16621Crossref (393) Scholar]; exception see [34.Han S.W. Marois Dissociation between process-based data-based limitations conscious perception brain.Neuroimage. 64: 399-406Crossref (5) Scholar,35.Wen al.Response stimulus discriminations.Neuroimage. 2018; 177: 79-87Crossref (1) Scholar]). generally seen lateral surface, around anterior insula, dorsomedial including presupplementary area dorsal cingulate, either side intraparietal sulcus, also region border. From days imaging, [36.Duncan function cortex.Nat. 2001; 2: 820-829Crossref (592) Scholar,37.Cole M.W. Schneider W. network: dissociable functions.Neuroimage. 37: 343-360Crossref (604) [37.Cole Scholar,38.Naghavi H.R. Nyberg L. fronto-parietal memory, consciousness: shared integration?.Conscious. 2005; 390-425Crossref Scholar,39.Kovacs K. Conway A.R.A. Process overlap theory: unified intelligence.Psych. Inquiry. 2016; 27: 151-177Crossref Scholar,40.Euler uncertainty: implications hierarchical predictive neuroscience ability.Neurosci. Biobehav. 94: 93-112Crossref (4) indicated losses associated Scholar,41.Woolgar supported language system.Nat. Hum. Behav. 200-204Crossref (10) 42.Barbey A.K. al.An integrative architecture revealed mapping.Brain. 2012; 135: 1154-1164Crossref (236) 43.Gläscher al.Distributed mapping.Proc. 4705-4709Crossref (131) section new requirements MD-like years, precise remained uncertain. address limitation, turned recently methods Connectome Project (HCP) [44.Assem M. domain-general multimodally parcellated cortex.Cereb. 2020; 4361-4380Crossref HCP approach, surface-based using multimodal MRI features improves coregistration, sharpening delineation areas. Multimodal further parcellate cerebral 180 distinct per hemisphere [45.Glasser M.F. multi-modal parcellation cortex.Nature. 536: 171-178Crossref sample 449 participants, conjunction contrasts high versus load, relational perceptual matching, arithmetic story comprehension examine properties. clarify regions, regions. tightly temporo-occipital 3A,B ). divides 27 separate ten-region strongest surrounding penumbra 3C). Five lie lying eye field 3A, i6-8/6a), ventral incorporating insula adjacent operculum AVI), these, chain extending inferior junction posteriorly rostrolateral IFJp/6r; p9-46v; a9-46v). additional patch SCEF/8BM). lobe, primary centered depths sulcus IP1/IP2), POS2/7Pm). Confirming previous indications, despite our auditory rather materials, find occipital posterior temporal TE1p). With fine-scale definition ask about differentiation. Despite frequent coactivation there suggestions differentiations [46.Dosenbach N.U. implementation sets.Neuron. 2006; 50: 799-812Abstract (1193) 47.Yeo B.T. al.Functional specialization flexibility association 2015; 25: 3654-3672Crossref (170) 48.Hampshire al.Fractionating intelligence.Neuron. 76: 1225-1237Abstract (168) Scholar]), though no clear consensus emerging. full 4A profiles contrasts. illustrate both sides coactivation–differentiation picture. hand pattern coactivation, weakest reasoning, 4A, other differentiation, exact differing contrasts, large group small highly reliable commonly whole, differs [49.Shashidhara al.Progressive frontoparietal increased complexity, time pressure, reward.J. 31: 1617-1630Crossref (2) resting state allowed us patterns connectivity. Commonly, 'frontoparietal network' (FPN), substantially overlapping [50.Yeo estimated intrinsic connectivity.J. Neurophysiol. 2011; 106: 1125-1165Crossref (3108) Based 4B types connection core, penumbra, non-MD Strikingly, core–core connections strongest, followed penumbra. Comparison canonical FPN, extracted Ji [51.Ji J.L. al.Mapping cortical-subcortical organization.Neuroimage. 185: 35-57Crossref showed FPN network, especially strong. Penumbra contrast, spread networks. world [52.Bullmore Sporns networks: graph analysis structural systems.Nat. 2009; 10: 186-198Crossref (6330) local modules long-range connector hubs modules. Graph approaches among connected [53.Cole al.Identifying globally regions.Neuroimage. 49: 3132-3148Crossref (357) Scholar,54.Power al.Evidence networks.Neuron. 79: 798-813Abstract (399) dynamic, task-dependent networks [55.Cole al.Multi-task reveals control.Nat. 16: 1348-1355Crossref (790) Scholar,56.Higo causal influence control.Proc. 108: 4230-4235Crossref (90) Several [57.Cole al.Global predicts intelligence.J. 32: 8988-8999Crossref (356) 'network neuroscience' proposal [58.Barbey Network intelligence.Trends 8-20Abstract (93) ideas, placed 5A Because dominate needing needs Locally, suggest, preferentially fed accounting partial differentiations. Similarly, allow outputs Creating structures, creatively selected combined, roles relationships particular demand. Strong
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
137
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 13
Опубликована: Фев. 14, 2019
What is the neurobiological basis of human intelligence? The brains some people seem to be more efficient than those others. Understanding biological foundations these differences great interest basic and applied neuroscience. Somehow, secret must lie in cells our brain with which we think. However, at present, research into neurobiology intelligence divided between two main strategies: imaging studies investigate macroscopic structure function identify areas involved intelligence, while genetic associations aim pinpoint genes loci associated intelligence. Nothing known about how properties relate emergence transcriptomics cellular neuroscience might, however, provide a third strategy bridge gap identified for structure. Here, discuss latest developments search In particular, recent availability very large cohorts hundreds thousands individuals have propelled exciting genetics Furthermore, first that show specific populations associate Finally, highlight been generate may ultimately explain involved. Thereby, road paved understanding will conceptual scaffold constellation benefit functions support
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
95
Progress in Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 204, С. 102109 - 102109
Опубликована: Июнь 17, 2021
Through dynamic transactional processes between genetic and environmental factors, childhood adolescence involve reorganization optimization of the cerebral cortex. The cortex its development plays a crucial role for prototypical human cognitive abilities. At same time, many common mental disorders appear during these critical phases neurodevelopment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can indirectly capture several multifaceted changes cortical macro- microstructure, high relevance to further our understanding neural foundation cognition health. Great progress has been made recently in mapping typical morphology. Moreover, newer less explored MRI signal intensity specialized quantitative T2 measures have applied assess microstructural development. We review recent findings postnatal from early young adulthood. cover studies volume, thickness, area, gyrification, T1-weighted (T1w) tissue contrasts such grey/white matter contrast, T1w/T2w ratio, magnetization transfer myelin water fraction. Finally, we integrate with gene expression underlying neurobiology developmental changes, bridging gap ex vivo histological- studies.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
93
Cerebral Cortex, Год журнала: 2019, Номер unknown
Опубликована: Май 20, 2019
Abstract Pyramidal neurons are the most common cell type and considered main output neuron in mammalian forebrain structures. In terms of function, differences structure dendrites these appear to be crucial determining how integrate information. To further shed light on human pyramidal we investigated geometry cells mouse CA1 region—one evolutionary conserved archicortical regions, which is critically involved formation, consolidation, retrieval memory. We aimed assess what extent corresponding a homologous region different species have parallel morphologies. Over 100 intracellularly injected 3D-reconstructed across both revealed that dendritic axonal morphologies not only larger but also structural differences, when compared mouse. The results show stretched version cells. These indicate there some morphological parameters conserved, whereas others species-specific.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
89
eLife, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 8
Опубликована: Сен. 9, 2019
Most of our knowledge on human CNS circuitry and related disorders originates from model organisms. How well such data translate to the remains largely be determined. Human brain slice cultures derived neurosurgical resections may offer novel avenues approach this translational gap. We now demonstrate robust preservation complex neuronal cytoarchitecture electrophysiological properties pyramidal neurons in long-term cultures. Further experiments delineate optimal conditions for efficient viral transduction cultures, enabling ‘high throughput’ fluorescence-mediated 3D reconstruction genetically targeted at comparable quality state-of-the-art biocytin fillings, feasibility long term live cell imaging cells vitro. This system has implications toward a broad spectrum studies, regarding validation obtained non-human systems, therapeutic screening genetic dissection circuitry.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
85