Male–female comparisons are powerful in biomedical research — don’t abandon them

Nature, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 629(8010), С. 37 - 40

Опубликована: Май 1, 2024

Binary sex studies have been denounced as too simplistic, but dropping them altogether would impede progress in a long-neglected area of biomedicine.

Язык: Английский

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Sex differences in human performance

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 602(17), С. 4129 - 4156

Опубликована: Авг. 6, 2024

Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding sex differences human physical performance. Males outperform females many capacities because they are faster, stronger and powerful, particularly after male puberty. highlights key physiological anatomical systems (generally conferred via steroids puberty) that contribute to these Specifically, we address effects primary affect development, discuss insight gained from observational study 'real-world data' elite athletes, highlight mechanisms several aspects Physiological discussed include those for varying magnitude performance involving: (1) absolute muscular strength power; (2) fatigability limb muscles measure relative performance; (3) maximal aerobic power endurance. The profound sex-based involving strength, power, speed endurance, largely attributable direct indirect sex-steroid hormones, chromosomes epigenetics, provide scientific rationale framework policy decisions on categories sports during puberty adulthood. Finally, bias problem research insufficient studies information across areas biology physiology, creating knowledge gaps opportunities high-impact studies.

Язык: Английский

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AI-assisted Total Body Dermoscopic Evaluation of Changes in Melanocytic Nevi during Pregnancy: A Prospective, Comparative Study of 2,799 Nevi

Acta Dermato Venereologica, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 105, С. adv41025 - adv41025

Опубликована: Янв. 3, 2025

Pregnancy-associated changes in melanocytic nevi (MN), apart from size increase on the trunk, remain a topic of debate. We conducted first prospective study to investigate dermoscopic MN comparing pregnant with non-pregnant women all body parts using market-approved convolutional neural network (CNN). included 25 and Basel, Switzerland, who underwent standard skin cancer screenings whose > 2 mm were digitally recorded analysed by CNN. Pregnant examined three times: third trimester 8-12 weeks postpartum; twice an interval 17-21 weeks. 2,799 MN. In women, diameter[p < 0.001], area[p number colours [p = 0.009], shape asymmetry[p 0.005] border sharpness[p 0.006] (inversely proportional value) increased while ellipseness 0.001] decreased postpartum. Changes occurred mainly during Compared (only trimester) upper extremities 0.011] 0.025] ellipseness[p 0.037]. lower 0.044] back colour 0.022].

Язык: Английский

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A 10-year longitudinal evaluation of science policy interventions to promote sex and gender in health research

Health Research Policy and Systems, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 19(1)

Опубликована: Июнь 15, 2021

Over the past decade, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) has implemented multicomponent interventions to increase uptake sex and gender in grant applications. Interventions included mandatory reporting on applicant forms, development resources for applicants evaluators, review requirements. Here, we aim inform science policy implementation by describing 10-year outcomes lessons learned from these interventions.This is a prospective longitudinal study. The population all across 15 investigator-initiated CIHR competitions 2011 2019 evaluators 2018 2019. Quantitative data were derived applicants' evaluators' integration grants management database. application was unit analysis. Trends applications plotted over time, stratified research area. Univariate logistic regression used assess associations between gender, latter with funding success. Qualitative quality appropriateness comments informed discipline-specific training peer committee members. Feedback compiled subset perceived usefulness educational materials using brief questionnaire.Since 2011, 39,390 submitted. proportion that reported rose 22 83%, 12 33%. Population health paid greatest attention (82%). Across every competition, female principal investigators more likely integrate (odds ratio [OR] 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50-1.63) (OR 2.40, CI 2.29-2.51) than those who identified as male. Since 2018, scored highly 1.92, 1.50-2.50) 2.53, 1.83-3.50) be funded. observations revealed persistent conflation terms gender. Eighty-six percent appreciated tailored coaching.A number improved applications, higher success rates observed time integrated Other funders' action plans around may our experiences timing, type targets different interventions, specifically directed at evaluators.

Язык: Английский

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Sex Ratios in a Warming World: Thermal Effects on Sex-Biased Survival, Sex Determination, and Sex Reversal

Journal of Heredity, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 112(2), С. 155 - 164

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2021

Abstract Rising global temperatures threaten to disrupt population sex ratios, which can in turn cause mate shortages, reduce growth and adaptive potential, increase extinction risk, particularly when ratios are male biased. Sex ratio distortion then have cascading effects across other species even ecosystems. Our understanding of the problem is limited by how often studies measure temperature both sexes. To address this, current review surveyed 194 published heat tolerance, finding that majority did not mention individuals used, with &lt;10% reporting results for males females separately. Although data incomplete, this assessed phylogenetic patterns thermally induced bias 3 different mechanisms: sex-biased temperature-dependent determination (TSD), temperature-induced reversal. For documented examples span a large taxonomic range including arthropods, chordates, protists, plants. Here, superior tolerance more common than males, but direction appears be phylogenetically fluid, perhaps due number contributing factors. TSD, well-documented reptiles, where high usually favors females, fishes, consistently males. reversal, unambiguous cases again vertebrates, fishes amphibians, mixed reptiles. There urgent need further work on full extent distortion, joint multiple mechanisms.

Язык: Английский

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