Physiological Reports,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
11(9)
Опубликована: Май 1, 2023
Abstract
In
skeletal
muscle,
Ca
V
1.1
serves
as
the
voltage
sensor
for
both
excitation‐contraction
coupling
(ECC)
and
L‐type
2+
channel
activation.
We
have
recently
adapted
technique
of
action
potential
(AP)
clamp
(APVC)
to
monitor
current
generated
by
movement
intramembrane
sensors
(I
Q
)
during
single
imposed
transverse
tubular
AP‐like
depolarization
waveforms
QAP
).
now
extend
this
procedure
monitoring
I
,
currents
trains
in
adult
murine
muscle
fibers,
compare
them
with
trajectories
APs
AP‐induced
release
measured
other
fibers
using
field
stimulation
optical
probes.
The
AP
waveform
remains
relatively
constant
brief
(<1
sec)
propagating
non‐V
clamped
fibers.
Trains
10
depolarizations
at
Hz
(900
ms),
50
(180
or
100
(90
ms)
did
not
alter
amplitude
kinetics,
consistent
previous
findings
isolated
where
negligible
charge
immobilization
occurred
ms
step
depolarizations.
Using
stimulation,
exhibit
a
considerable
decline
from
pulse
train,
also
findings,
indicating
that
short
train
is
correlated
modification
movement.
were
hardly
detectable,
minimal
trains,
became
more
evident
some
Our
results
verify
predictions
on
behavior
ECC
machinery
response
provide
direct
demonstration
elicited
are
negligible,
but
can
become
prominent
high‐frequency
elicits
maximal
isometric
force.
Among
the
most
revolutionary
insights
emerging
from
200
years
of
research
on
dinosaurs
is
that
clade
Dinosauria
represented
by
approximately
11
000
living
species
birds.
Although
origin
birds
among
has
been
reviewed
extensively,
recent
have
witnessed
tremendous
progress
in
our
understanding
deep
evolutionary
origins
numerous
distinctive
avian
anatomical
systems.
These
advances
enabled
exciting
new
fossil
discoveries,
leading
to
an
ever-expanding
phylogenetic
framework
with
which
pinpoint
characteristic
features.
The
present
review
focuses
four
notable
systems
whose
Mesozoic
history
greatly
clarified
discoveries:
brain,
kinetic
palate,
pectoral
girdle
and
postcranial
skeletal
pneumaticity.
Nature,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
635(8038), С. 376 - 381
Опубликована: Окт. 30, 2024
Abstract
A
dearth
of
Mesozoic-aged,
three-dimensional
fossils
hinders
understanding
the
origin
distinctive
skull
and
brain
modern
(crown)
birds
1
.
Here
we
report
Navaornis
hestiae
gen.
et
sp.
nov.,
an
exquisitely
preserved
fossil
species
from
Late
Cretaceous
Brazil.
The
is
toothless
large-eyed,
with
a
vaulted
cranium
closely
resembling
condition
in
crown
birds;
however,
phylogenetic
analyses
recover
Enantiornithes,
highly
diverse
clade
Mesozoic
stem
birds.
Despite
overall
geometry
quantitatively
indistinguishable
birds,
retains
numerous
plesiomorphies
including
maxilla-dominated
rostrum,
akinetic
palate,
diapsid
temporal
configuration,
small
cerebellum
weakly
expanded
telencephalon.
These
archaic
neurocranial
traits
are
combined
bird-like
degree
flexion
bony
labyrinth
comparable
shape
to
those
many
but
substantially
larger.
Altogether,
emergent
cranial
shows
unprecedented
similarity
between
enantiornithines,
groups
last
sharing
common
ancestor
more
than
130
million
years
ago
2
provides
long-sought
insight
into
detailed
endocranial
morphology
phylogenetically
crownward
Archaeopteryx
,
clarifying
pattern
timing
by
which
neuroanatomy
living
was
assembled.
Geological Society London Special Publications,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
544(1)
Опубликована: Янв. 18, 2024
Abstract
The
explosive
radiation
of
early
birds
has
been
well
documented
by
the
extraordinary
discoveries
Early
Cretaceous
fossil
in
China
past
three
decades.
They
have
greatly
expanded
diversity,
disparity
and
temporal
distribution
Mesozoic
birds,
refining
our
knowledge
evolutionary
path
leading
to
characteristic
avian
body
plan,
including
feathers
powered
flight,
locomotion
habitat
differentiation,
diet
digestion,
reproduction
development,
feather
colours
display.
In
addition,
studies
on
geological
background
Jehol
Biota
that
produced
majority
Chinese
provided
important
clues
understanding
taphonomy
as
interaction
between
deep
process
biological
evolution
northeastern
East
Asia
during
Cretaceous.
Future
multidisciplinary
are
expected
advance
palaeogeography
what
impacted
changes
diversity
China,
roles
played
terrestrial
ecosystem.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
122(13)
Опубликована: Март 17, 2025
The
origin
of
birds
represents
a
pivotal
transition
in
vertebrate
evolution,
marked
by
significant
changes
both
brain
size
and
feeding
biomechanics.
evolution
the
avian
skull
involved
dramatic
modifications,
such
as
segmented
palate
development
powered
cranial
kinesis
neognath
birds.
Powered
kinesis,
ability
to
move
parts
independently,
is
considered
key
innovation
behind
dietary
diversity
evolutionary
success
However,
processes
driving
emergence
have
remained
unclear
until
recently.
By
analyzing
data
from
Mesozoic
birds,
including
reinterpretations
homology,
3D
jaw
muscle
biomechanics,
linkage
analysis,
researchers
quantified
forces
their
effects
on
mechanics
during
theropods
As
neurocranium
expanded
non-avian
theropods,
temporal
muscles
shifted
more
rostrocaudal
positions
aiding
segmentation
pterygoid.
This
musculoskeletal
transformation
increased
fore-aft
force
neognaths,
enabling
kinesis.
A
critical
change
was
separation
epipterygoid
ossification
braincase,
leading
breakdown
primitive
kinematic
linkages
new
basicranial
joint,
which
allowed
for
greater
flexibility.
These
findings
shed
light
how
neurosensory
systems
coevolved
bird
origins
offer
methods
identifying
extinct
vertebrates.
Abstract
Background
Dose–response
and
time-to-event
data
are
common
in
enzymology,
pharmacology,
agronomy
studies.
Diverse
biological
response
curves
can
be
generated
from
such
data.
The
features
of
these
elucidated
through
parameters
as
ED
50
(the
effective
dose
that
gives
50%
the
maximum
response)
T
time
required
to
reach
response).
Properly
estimating
is
crucial
for
inferring
potency
compounds
or
relative
timings
processes.
Results
We
present
an
open-source
Shiny
application,
BioCurve
Analyzer,
simplifies
process
exhibiting
various
patterns,
including
classic
monotonic
sigmoidal
more
complicated
biphasic
curves.
Analyzer
provides
access
several
packages
commonly
used
models
characterizing
assists
users
identifying
best
describe
their
data,
includes
options
values
on
both
sides
also
facilitates
visualization
patterns
allows
customize
final
graphical
representation
deliver
publication-quality
graphs
Conclusion
integrates
multiple
R
easy-to-use
web-based
interface
facilitate
dose–response
analyses.
The
independent
movements
and
flexibility
of
various
parts
the
skull,
called
cranial
kinesis,
are
an
evolutionary
innovation
that
is
found
in
living
vertebrates
only
some
squamates
crown
birds
considered
to
be
a
major
factor
underpinning
much
enormous
phenotypic
ecological
diversity
birds,
most
diverse
group
extant
amniotes.
Compared
postcranium,
our
understanding
assemblage
characteristic
modern
bird
skull
has
been
hampered
by
sparse
fossil
records
early
materials,
with
competing
hypotheses
regarding
development
kinesis
among
members
avialans.
Here,
detailed
three-dimensional
reconstruction
Early
Cretaceous
enantiornithine
Yuanchuavis
kompsosoura
allows
for
its
in-depth
description,
including
elements
poorly
known
early-diverging
avialans
but
central
deciphering
mosaic
assembly
features
required
avian
kinesis.
Our
shows
functional
conservation
temporal
palatal
regions
retaining
ancestral
theropod
dinosaurian
configuration
within
this
otherwise
derived
volant
bird.
Geometric
morphometric
analysis
palatine
suggests
loss
jugal
process
represents
first
step
structural
modifications
element
leading
kinetic
condition.
mixture
plesiomorphic
structures
together
avialan
rostrum
postcranial
skeleton
encapsulated
manifests
key
role
mosaicism
experimentation
diversification.
PeerJ,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
11, С. e15139 - e15139
Опубликована: Март 27, 2023
The
Longipterygidae
are
a
unique
clade
among
the
enantiornithines
in
that
they
exhibit
elongate
rostra
(≥60%
total
skull
length)
with
dentition
restricted
to
distal
tip
of
rostrum,
and
pedal
morphologies
suited
for
an
arboreal
lifestyle
(as
other
enantiornithines).
This
suite
features
has
made
interpretations
this
group’s
diet
ecology
difficult
determine
due
lack
analogous
taxa
similar
together.
Many
extant
bird
groups
rostral
elongation,
which
is
associated
several
disparate
ecologies
diets
(
e.g
.,
aerial
insectivory,
piscivory,
terrestrial
carnivory).
Thus,
presence
elongation
only
somewhat
refines
trophic
predictions
clade.
Anatomical
do
not
function
singularly
but
as
part
whole
thus,
any
dietary
or
ecological
hypothesis
regarding
must
also
consider
such
their
dentition.
group
dentulous
volant
tetrapods
chiropterans,
tooth
morphology
enamel
thickness
vary
depending
upon
food
preference.
Drawing
inferences
from
both
avian
bill
proportions
variations
dental
extinct
taxa,
we
provide
quantitative
data
support
were
animalivorous,
greater
insectivory.
The Anatomical Record,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Окт. 31, 2023
Dapingfangornis
sentisorhinus,
a
small
to
medium-sized
enantiornithine
from
the
Lower
Cretaceous
Jiufotang
Formation
in
Western
Liaoning,
China,
stands
as
one
of
earliest
known
enantiornithines
with
well-preserved
ornamental
tail
feathers.
However,
original
holotype
description
was
limited
due
damage
and
matrix
interference,
which
obscured
crucial
osteological
details.
Therefore,
we
provide
an
updated
specimen
D.
sentisorhinus
aid
CT
scanning
reveal
new
revised
information.
Furthermore,
phylogenetic
analysis
newly
acquired
data
situates
within
Enantiornithes,
closely
aligned
Pterygornis
few
other
taxa,
may
represent
previously
unrecognized
clade
Early
enantiornithines.
The
Longipterygidae
are
a
unique
clade
among
the
enantiornithines
in
that
they
exhibit
elongate
rostra
(
60%
total
skull
length)
with
dentition
restricted
to
distal
tip
of
rostrum,
and
pedal
morphologies
suited
for
an
arboreal
lifestyle
(as
other
enantiornithines).This
suite
features
has
made
interpretations
this
group's
diet
ecology
difficult
determine
due
lack
analogous
taxa
similar
together.Many
extant
bird
groups
rostral
elongation,
which
is
associated
several
disparate
ecologies
diets
(e.g.,
aerial
insectivory,
piscivory,
terrestrial
carnivory).Thus,
presence
elongation
only
somewhat
refines
trophic
predictions
clade.Anatomical
do
not
function
singularly
but
as
part
whole
thus,
any
dietary
or
ecological
hypothesis
regarding
must
also
consider
such
their
dentition.The
group
dentulous
volant
tetrapods
chiropterans,
tooth
morphology
enamel
thickness
vary
depending
upon
food
preference.Drawing
inferences
from
both
avian
bill
proportions
variations
dental
extinct
taxa,
we
provide
quantitative
data
support
were
animalivorous,
greater
insectivory.