Characterization of direct Purkinje cell outputs to the brainstem

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2025

Purkinje cells (PCs) primarily project to cerebellar nuclei but also directly innervate the brainstem. Some PC-brainstem projections have been described previously, most not thoroughly characterized. Here we use a PC-specific cre line anatomically and electrophysiologically characterize PC synapses are surprisingly widespread, with highest densities found in vestibular parabrachial nuclei. However, there pronounced regional differences synaptic within both Large optogenetically-evoked PC-IPSCs preferentially observed subregions of synapses, suggesting that PCs selectively influence these areas behaviors they regulate. Unexpectedly, pontine central gray nearby subnuclei contained low density large small fraction cells. We combined electrophysiological recordings immunohistochemistry assess molecular identities two putative targets: onto mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were even though close proximity boutons. locus coeruleus exceedingly rare or absent, previous studies concluded major input neurons. The availability highly selective for allowed us study functional while avoiding complications can accompany viral approaches. conclude numerous brainstem nuclei, only inhibit many This suggests target cell types specific behavioral roles regions.

Язык: Английский

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Targeting Spinal Interneurons for Respiratory Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury

Cells, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 14(4), С. 288 - 288

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2025

Spinal interneurons (SpINs) are pivotal to the function of neural circuits, orchestrating motor, sensory, and autonomic functions in healthy, intact central nervous system. These (INs) heterogeneous, with diverse types contributing various systems, including those that control respiratory function. Research last few decades has highlighted complex involvement SpINs modulating motor control. also partake plasticity by aiding adapting rewiring circuits response injury or disease. This is crucial context spinal cord (SCI), where damage often leads severe long-term breathing deficits. Such deficits a leading cause morbidity mortality individuals SCI, emphasizing need for effective interventions. review will focus on SpIN involved modulation explore current emerging approaches leverage as therapeutic targets promote recovery following SCI.

Язык: Английский

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The pupillary respiratory‐phase response: pupil size is smallest around inhalation onset and largest during exhalation

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2025

Abstract Respiration shapes brain activity and synchronizes sensory exploratory motor actions, with some evidence suggesting that it also affects pupil size. However, for a coupling between respiration size remains scarce inconclusive, hindered by small sample sizes limited controls. Given the importance of in visual perception as reflection state, understanding its relationship is essential. In five experiments using pre‐registered protocol, we systematically investigated how respiratory phase across different conditions. Experiment 1 ( n = 50), examined nasal oral breathing at rest under dim lighting nearby fixation points, then replicated these results identical conditions 2 53). 3 112) extended this to active tasks, while 4 57) controlled paces ambient distant fixation. Finally, 5 34), individuals isolated congenital anosmia (born without olfactory bulbs) were used lesion‐type model during visual–auditory tasks assess whether respiratory–pupil link depends on bulb‐driven oscillations. Across all – free breathing; distances; bulbs consistently found smallest around inhalation onset largest exhalation. We term effect pupillary respiratory‐phase response, fourth known mechanism influencing size, alongside light, near psychosensory responses. image Key points The influence dynamics has long been debated. study, changes cycle through series experiments, varying lighting, distance region involvement. show exhalation, dilatation occurring most early constriction primarily latter part This pattern was consistent experimental conditions, demonstrating robust likely brainstem circuits.

Язык: Английский

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Characterization of direct Purkinje cell outputs to the brainstem

eLife, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2025

Purkinje cells (PCs) primarily project to cerebellar nuclei but also directly innervate the brainstem. Some PC-brainstem projections have been described previously, most not thoroughly characterized. Here, we use a PC-specific cre line anatomically and electrophysiologically characterize PC synapses are surprisingly widespread, with highest densities found in vestibular parabrachial nuclei. However, there pronounced regional differences synaptic within both Large optogenetically evoked PC-IPSCs preferentially observed subregions of putative boutons, suggesting that PCs selectively influence these areas behaviors they regulate. Unexpectedly, pontine central gray nearby subnuclei contained low density large small fraction cells. We combined electrophysiological recordings immunohistochemistry assess molecular identities two potential targets: onto mesencephalic trigeminal neurons were even though close proximity boutons; locus coeruleus exceedingly rare or absent, previous studies concluded major input neurons. The availability highly selective for allowed us study functional synapses, while avoiding complications can accompany viral approaches. conclude numerous brainstem nuclei, many strongly inhibit This suggests target cell types specific behavioral roles

Язык: Английский

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Breath-hold diving as a tool to harness a beneficial increase in cardiac vagal tone

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 104416 - 104416

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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