Probiotic colonization of Xenopus laevis skin causes short-term changes in skin microbiomes and gene expression

Infection and Immunity, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 2, 2025

Probiotic therapies have been suggested for amelioration efforts of wildlife disease such as chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium spp. in amphibians. However, there is a lack information on how probiotic application affects resident microbial communities and immune responses. To better understand these interactions, we hypothesized that would alter community composition host expression Xenopus laevis. Accordingly, applied three amphibian-derived anti-Batrachochytrium bacteria strains (two Pseudomonas one Stenotrophomonas sp.) to X. laevis monoculture also cocktail. We quantified structure using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. genes involved responses quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) skin transcriptomics over 1 3-week periods. All treatments successfully colonized 3 weeks, but with differential amplicon sequence variant (ASV) counts time. Bacterial effects were most pronounced at week post-probiotic exposure decreased thereafter. initial changes bacterial alpha beta diversity, including reduction diversity from pre-exposure ASV relative abundance. colonization strain RSB5.4 reduced regulatory T cell marker (FOXP3, measured RT-qPCR) the greatest detected transcriptomics. Single mixed cultures, therefore, altered amphibian microbiome-immune interactions. This work will help improve our understanding role interface underlying both dynamics emergent eco-evolutionary processes.IMPORTANCEAmphibian an important determining outcomes, part through complex yet poorly understood interactions systems. Here report probiotic-induced frog result significant alterations animals' expression. These findings underscore interdependence immune-microbiome

Язык: Английский

---

Glutathione is required for growth and cadmium tolerance in the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Biochimie, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 220, С. 22 - 30

Опубликована: Дек. 16, 2023

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a lethal amphibian pathogen, partly due to its ability evade the immune system of susceptible frog species. In many pathogenic fungi, antioxidant glutathione virulence factor that helps neutralise oxidative stressors generated from host cells, as well other environmental such heavy metals. The role in stress tolerance Bd has not been investigated. Here, we examine changes pool after exposure and quantify effect depletion on cell growth tolerance. Depletion repressed release zoospores, suggesting essential for life cycle completion Bd. Supplementation with <2 mM exogenous accelerated zoospore development, but concentrations >2 were strongly inhibitory cells. While hydrogen peroxide lowered total cellular levels by 42 %, did increase sensitivity peroxide. Exposure cadmium increased 93 %. Glutathione-depleted cells more sensitive cadmium, this was attenuated supplementation, plays an important effects heat salt exacerbated addition glutathione. impact may help explain differences susceptibility chytridiomycosis provide opportunities synergistic therapeutics.

Язык: Английский

---

Amphibian mast cells serve as barriers to chytrid fungus infections

eLife, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12

Опубликована: Дек. 19, 2023

Global amphibian declines are compounded by deadly disease outbreaks caused the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ). Much has been learned about roles of skin-produced antimicrobial components and microbiomes in controlling , yet almost nothing is known skin-resident immune cells anti- defenses. Mammalian mast reside within serve as key sentinels barrier tissues like skin. Accordingly, we investigated Xenopus laevis frog during infections. Our findings indicate that enrichment X. skin confers protection ameliorates inflammation-associated damage infection. This includes a significant reduction infiltration -infected neutrophils, promoting mucin content cutaneous mucus glands, preventing -mediated changes to microbiomes. for their production pleiotropic interleukin-4 (IL4) cytokine our suggest IL4 plays role manifesting effects seen following cell enrichment. Together, this work underscores importance defenses illuminates novel avenue investigating host–chytrid pathogen interactions.

Язык: Английский

---

The future of amphibian immunology: Opportunities and challenges

Developmental & Comparative Immunology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 160, С. 105237 - 105237

Опубликована: Авг. 3, 2024

Язык: Английский

---