Springer eBooks, Год журнала: 2023, Номер unknown, С. 23 - 65
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023
Язык: Английский
Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 289(1988)
Опубликована: Дек. 7, 2022
Cat-like carnivorans are a textbook example of convergent evolution, with distinct morphological differences between taxa short or elongated upper canines, the latter often being interpreted as an adaptation to bite at large angles and subdue prey. This interpretation sabre-tooth condition is reinforced by reduced taxonomic sampling in some studies, focusing on highly derived using simplified models. Moreover, most biomechanical analyses focus biting scenarios small gapes, ideal for modern carnivora but ill-suited test subduction prey sabre-toothed taxa. In this contribution, we present largest three-dimensional collection-based muscle-induced simulations cat-like running total 1074 17 different three (30°, 60° 90°) including both morphologies. While our results show clear extreme larger terms stress distribution, other performance variables display surprising similarities all forms tested, highlighting continuous rather than bipolar spectrum hunting methods demonstrating wide functional disparity nuances that cannot simply be characterized specialized feeding biomechanics.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
16
Communications Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 7(1)
Опубликована: Апрель 10, 2024
Abstract Oviraptorosaurians were a theropod dinosaur group that reached high diversity in the Late Cretaceous. Within oviraptorosaurians, later diverging oviraptorids evolved distinctive crania which extensively pneumatised, short and tall, had robust toothless beak, interpreted as providing powerful bite for their herbivorous to omnivorous diet. The present study explores ability of oviraptorid resist large mechanical stresses compared with other theropods where this adaptation originated within oviraptorosaurians. Digital 3D cranial models constructed earliest oviraptorosaurian, Incisivosaurus gauthieri , three oviraptorids, Citipati osmolskae Conchoraptor gracilis Khaan mckennai . Finite element analyses indicate oviraptorosaurian stronger than those ( Erlikosaurus Ornithomimus ) more comparable large, carnivorous Allosaurus biomechanics align indicating an early establishment strengthened Oviraptorosauria, even before highly modified morphology. Bite modelling, using estimated muscle forces, suggests may have functioned closer structural safety limits. Low around beaks suggest convergently evolved, functionally distinct rhamphotheca, serving cropping/feeding tool rather stress reduction, when theropods.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
2
Journal of Morphology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 285(5)
Опубликована: Май 1, 2024
Abstract Artiodactyls exhibit a striking diversity of the cervical vertebral column in terms length and overall mobility. Using finite element analysis, this study explores morphology at cervico‐thoracic boundary its performance under loads artiodactyls with different habitual neck postures body sizes. The first thoracic vertebra 36 species was loaded (i) compressive load on to model weight head exerted onto trunk; (ii) tensile spinous process pull via nuchal ligament. Additional focus laid peculiar shape giraffes. We hypothesized that habitually upright posture should be reflected greater ability withstand compared loads, whereas for suspended it opposite. In comparison posture, an exhibited lower stress (except Giraffidae). For larger species, surprisingly increased. Tensile resulted decreased only intermediate or suspensory posture. High mainly reflecting relative process, while high common more “bell”‐shaped bodies. data supports stability‐mobility trade‐off transition Performance is indicative influenced by size.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
2
The Anatomical Record, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 307(5), С. 1897 - 1917
Опубликована: Сен. 29, 2023
Abstract Tyrannosaurus has been an exemplar organism in feeding biomechanical analyses. An adult could exert a bone‐splintering bite force, through expanded jaw muscles and robust skull teeth. While function of thoroughly studied, such analyses have yet to expand other tyrannosauroids, especially early‐diverging tyrannosauroids ( Dilong, Proceratosaurus , Yutyrannus ). In our analysis, we broadly assessed the cranial performance at varying body sizes. Our sample size included small Dilong ), medium‐sized Teratophoneus large Tarbosaurus, Daspletosaurus Gorgosaurus ) incorporation tyrannosaurines different ontogenetic stages (small juvenile Raptorex mid‐sized We used muscle force calculations finite element analysis comprehend tyrannosauroids. Scaled subtemporal fenestrae areas calculated forces show that broad‐skulled exhibited higher than similarly sized Gorgosaurus, The proceratosaurid lower stress most tyrannosaurids. This suggests structural adaptations tyrannosaurids maintained adequate safety factors greater but their crania did not notably decrease bone stress. Similarly, experienced similarly‐sized earlier consistent with adductor juveniles, no more predecessors. As tyrannosauroid increased, so too relative manifested even juveniles giant adults.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
5
Sensors, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 23(6), С. 3214 - 3214
Опубликована: Март 17, 2023
Three-dimensional scanning technology has been traditionally used in the medical and engineering industries, but these scanners can be expensive or limited their capabilities. This research aimed to develop low-cost 3D using rotation immersion a water-based fluid. technique uses reconstruction approach similar CT with significantly less instrumentation cost than traditional other optical techniques. The setup consisted of container filled mixture water Xanthan gum. object scanned was submerged at various angles. A stepper motor slide needle measure fluid level increment as being into container. results showed that feasible could adapted wide range sizes. produced reconstructed images objects gaps irregularly shaped openings fashion. printed model width 30.7200 ± 0.2388 mm height 31.6800 0.3445 compared its scan evaluate precision technique. Its width/height ratio (0.9697 0.0084) overlaps margin error image (0.9649 0.0191), showing statistical similarities. signal-to-noise calculated around 6 dB. Suggestions for future work are made improve parameters this promising,
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
4
Journal of Morphology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 285(5)
Опубликована: Май 1, 2024
Using finite element analysis on the astragali of five macropodine kangaroos (extant and extinct hoppers) three sthenurine (extinct proposed bipedal striders) we investigate how stresses experienced by ankle in similarly sized different hypothesized/known locomotor strategy compare under simulation scenarios, intended to represent moment midstance at gaits. These tests showed a clear difference between performance sthenurines macropodines with former group experiencing lower stress simulated strides all species compared hopping simulations, supporting hypothesis that may have utilized this gait. The Pleistocene Protemnodon also performed differently from other studied, showing high simulations except for bounding. This support being quadrupedal bounder.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
1
iScience, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 27(9), С. 110679 - 110679
Опубликована: Авг. 5, 2024
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
0
Springer eBooks, Год журнала: 2023, Номер unknown, С. 417 - 478
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
0
Springer eBooks, Год журнала: 2023, Номер unknown, С. 23 - 65
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
0