International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(6), С. 5383 - 5383
Опубликована: Март 11, 2023
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
is
an
incurable,
progressive
neurodegenerative
disorder.
AD
a
complex
and
multifactorial
that
responsible
for
60–80%
of
dementia
cases.
Aging,
genetic
factors,
epigenetic
changes
are
the
main
risk
factors
AD.
Two
aggregation-prone
proteins
play
decisive
role
in
pathogenesis:
β-amyloid
(Aβ)
hyperphosphorylated
tau
(pTau).
Both
them
form
deposits
diffusible
toxic
aggregates
brain.
These
biomarkers
Different
hypotheses
have
tried
to
explain
pathogenesis
served
as
platforms
drug
research.
Experiments
demonstrated
both
Aβ
pTau
might
start
processes
necessary
cognitive
decline.
The
two
pathologies
act
synergy.
Inhibition
formation
has
been
old
target.
Recently,
successful
clearance
by
monoclonal
antibodies
raised
new
hopes
treatments
if
detected
at
early
stages.
More
recently,
novel
targets,
e.g.,
improvements
amyloid
from
brain,
application
small
heat
shock
(Hsps),
modulation
chronic
neuroinflammation
different
receptor
ligands,
microglial
phagocytosis,
increase
myelination
revealed
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
16
Опубликована: Авг. 4, 2022
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD),
the
most
common
form
of
dementia,
is
a
progressive
and
multifactorial
neurodegenerative
disorder
whose
primary
causes
are
mostly
unknown.
Due
to
increase
in
life
expectancy
world
population,
including
developing
countries,
AD,
incidence
rises
dramatically
with
age,
at
forefront
among
diseases.
Moreover,
definitive
cure
not
yet
within
reach,
imposing
substantial
medical
public
health
burdens
every
latitude.
Therefore,
effort
devise
novel
effective
therapeutic
strategies
still
paramount
importance.
Genetic,
functional,
structural
biochemical
studies
all
indicate
that
new
efficacious
drug
delivery
interfere
different
levels
various
cellular
molecular
targets.
Over
last
few
decades,
development
nanomedicine
preclinical
stage
has
shown
progress
fast
pace,
thus
paving
way
for
its
potential
impact
on
human
improving
prevention,
diagnosis,
treatment
age-related
disorders,
AD.
Clinical
translation
nano-based
therapeutics,
despite
current
limitations,
may
present
important
advantages
innovation
be
exploited
neuroscience
field
as
well.
In
this
state-of-the-art
review
article,
we
promising
applications
polymeric
nanoparticle-mediated
bypassing
blood-brain
barrier
AD
models
boost
pharmacological
safety
efficacy.
particular,
strategic
chemical
functionalization
nanocarriers
could
successfully
employed
treating
thoroughly
described.
Emphasis
also
placed
nanotheranostics
both
diagnostic
tool
targeted
treatments.
Our
highlights
emerging
role
management
providing
readers
an
overview
nanostrategies
currently
available
develop
future
against
chronic
disease.
Abstract
National
Institute
on
Aging–Alzheimer's
Association
definition
and
classification
of
sporadic
Alzheimer's
disease
(sAD)
is
based
the
assumption
that
β‐amyloid
drives
pathogenesis
sAD,
therefore,
pathology
sine‐qua‐non
condition
for
diagnosis
sAD.
The
neuropathological
concurrence
senile
plaques
(SPs)
neurofibrillary
tangles
(NFTs)
designated
as
changes.
However,
NFTs
develop
in
brain
decades
before
appearance
SPs,
their
distribution
does
not
parallel
SPs.
Moreover,
are
found
about
85%
individuals
at
age
65
around
97%
80.
SPs
occur
30%
50%–60%
More
than
70
genetic
risk
factors
have
been
identified
sAD;
encoded
proteins
modulate
cell
membranes,
synapses,
lipid
metabolism,
neuroinflammation.
(AD)
overture
provides
a
new
concept
aging
sAD
further
discussion.
AD
proposes
is:
(i)
multifactorial
progressive
neurodegenerative
biological
process,
(ii)
characterized
by
early
3R
+
4Rtau
NFTs,
(iii)
later
deposition
(iv)
with
particular
non‐overlapped
regional
(v)
preceded
or
occurring
molecular
changes
affecting
cytoskeleton,
protein
energy
neuroinflammation,
cycle,
astrocytes,
microglia,
blood
vessels;
(vi)
accompanied
neuron
loss
atrophy,
(vii)
prevalent
human
aging,
(viii)
manifested
pre‐clinical
AD,
progressing
universally
to
mild
cognitive
impairment
due
mild,
moderate,
severe
dementia.
Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
16
Опубликована: Май 16, 2022
The
current
scientific
community
is
facing
a
daunting
challenge
to
unravel
reliable
natural
compounds
with
realistic
potential
treat
neurological
disorders
such
as
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD).
reported
compounds/drugs
mostly
synthetic
deemed
the
reliability
and
therapeutic
largely
due
their
complexity
off-target
issues.
products
from
nutraceutical
emerge
viable
preventive
therapeutics
fill
huge
gap
in
treating
disorders.
Considering
that
multifactorial
disease,
offer
advantage
of
multitarget
approach,
tagging
different
molecular
sites
human
brain,
compared
single-target
activity
most
drugs
so
far
used
disease.
A
wide
range
plant
extracts
phytochemicals
possess
includes
curcumin,
resveratrol,
epigallocatechin-3-gallate,
morin,
delphinidins,
quercetin,
luteolin,
oleocanthal,
other
huperzine
A,
limonoids,
azaphilones.
Reported
targets
these
include
inhibition
acetylcholinesterase,
amyloid
senile
plaques,
oxidation
products,
inflammatory
pathways,
specific
brain
receptors,
etc.
We
tenaciously
aimed
review
in-depth
applications
against
special
focus
on
diversity
medicinal
plants
phytocompounds
mechanism
action
pathologies.
strongly
believe
phytoconstituents
alone
or
combination
would
be
effective
treatments
lesser
side
effects
currently
available
treatments.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(7), С. 6827 - 6827
Опубликована: Апрель 6, 2023
Most
studies
related
to
hemp
are
focused
on
Cannabidiol
(CBD)
and
Tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC);
however,
up
120
types
of
phytocannabinoids
present
in
hemp.
Hemp
leaves
contain
large
amounts
Cannabidiolic
acid
(CBDA)
Tetrahydrocannabinolic
(THCA),
which
acidic
variants
CBD
THC
account
for
the
largest
proportion
CBDA.
In
recent
studies,
CBDA
exhibited
anti-hyperalgesia
anti-inflammatory
effects.
THCA
also
showed
neuroprotective
effects
that
may
be
beneficial
treating
neurodegenerative
diseases.
can
penetrate
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB)
affect
central
nervous
system.
The
purpose
this
study
was
determine
whether
ameliorate
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)-like
features
vitro
vivo.
effect
evaluated
Aβ1-42-treated
mouse
model.
We
observed
mice
had
more
hippocampal
Aβ
p-tau
levels,
pathological
markers
AD,
loss
cognitive
function
compared
with
PBS-treated
mice.
However,
CBDA-
THCA-treated
decreased
superior
addition,
lowered
alleviated
calcium
dyshomeostasis,
primary
neurons.
Our
results
suggest
have
anti-AD
mitigate
memory
resilience
increased
Ca2+,
Aβ,
levels.
Together,
useful
therapeutic
agents
AD.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(6), С. 5383 - 5383
Опубликована: Март 11, 2023
Alzheimer’s
disease
(AD)
is
an
incurable,
progressive
neurodegenerative
disorder.
AD
a
complex
and
multifactorial
that
responsible
for
60–80%
of
dementia
cases.
Aging,
genetic
factors,
epigenetic
changes
are
the
main
risk
factors
AD.
Two
aggregation-prone
proteins
play
decisive
role
in
pathogenesis:
β-amyloid
(Aβ)
hyperphosphorylated
tau
(pTau).
Both
them
form
deposits
diffusible
toxic
aggregates
brain.
These
biomarkers
Different
hypotheses
have
tried
to
explain
pathogenesis
served
as
platforms
drug
research.
Experiments
demonstrated
both
Aβ
pTau
might
start
processes
necessary
cognitive
decline.
The
two
pathologies
act
synergy.
Inhibition
formation
has
been
old
target.
Recently,
successful
clearance
by
monoclonal
antibodies
raised
new
hopes
treatments
if
detected
at
early
stages.
More
recently,
novel
targets,
e.g.,
improvements
amyloid
from
brain,
application
small
heat
shock
(Hsps),
modulation
chronic
neuroinflammation
different
receptor
ligands,
microglial
phagocytosis,
increase
myelination
revealed
