Conservation and the Genomics of Populations

Oxford University Press eBooks, Год журнала: 2022, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2022

Abstract Loss of biodiversity is among the greatest problems facing world today. Conservation and Genomics Populations gives a comprehensive overview essential background, concepts, tools needed to understand how genetic information can be used conserve species threatened with extinction, manage ecological or commercial importance. New molecular techniques, statistical methods, computer programs, principles, methods are becoming increasingly useful in conservation biological diversity. Using balance data theory, coupled basic applied research examples, this book examines phenotypic variation natural populations, principles mechanisms evolutionary change, interpretation from these conservation. The includes examples plants, animals, microbes wild captive populations. This third edition has been thoroughly revised include advances genomics contains new chapters on population genomics, monitoring, genetics practice, as well sections climate emerging diseases, metagenomics, more. More than one-third references were published after previous edition. Each 24 Appendix end Guest Box written by an expert who provides example presented chapter their own work. for advanced undergraduate graduate students genetics, resource management, biology, professional biologists policy-makers working wildlife habitat management agencies. Much will also interest nonprofessionals curious about role

Язык: Английский

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Methodological trends and perspectives of animal dietary studies by noninvasive fecal DNA metabarcoding

Environmental DNA, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 2(4), С. 391 - 406

Опубликована: Авг. 17, 2020

Abstract Fine‐scale estimation of trophic interactions is an important subject in the field ecology. Diet analysis based on fecal DNA metabarcoding has been accepted as a noninvasive, accurate, and time‐ cost‐effective tool to determine animal diets. Here, we summarize trends studies well methodological characteristics using 155 original papers published from 2009 March 2020. We calculated frequencies methods conditions used each experimental procedure bioinformatics approach. Mammals were major target taxa for metabarcoding. A few or dominated procedure: sampling, extraction, PCR, sequencing, bioinformatics, which might be specialized degraded DNA. However, disadvantages common noted some studies, further optimizations are required obtain more accurate dietary data with high taxonomic resolution quantitative performance. This review will help metabarcode users, especially new scientists who considering their understand process also hope this facilitate technical improvements method.

Язык: Английский

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Metabarcoding From Microbes to Mammals: Comprehensive Bioassessment on a Global Scale

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 8

Опубликована: Ноя. 30, 2020

Global biodiversity loss is unprecedented, and threats to existing are growing. Given pervasive global change, a major challenge facing resource managers lack of scalable tools rapidly consistently measure Earth's biodiversity. Environmental genomic provide some hope in the face this crisis, DNA metabarcoding, particular, powerful approach for assessment at large spatial scales. However, metabarcoding studies variable their taxonomic, temporal, or scope, investigating individual species, specific taxonomic groups, targeted communities local regional With advent modern, ultra-high throughput sequencing platforms, conducting deep surveys with multiple markers will enhance breadth coverage, enabling comprehensive, rapid bioassessment all organisms sample. Here, we report on systematic literature review 1,563 articles published about summarize how revolutionizing efforts. Specifically, quantify stakeholders using dominant applications technology, groups assessed these studies. We show that while has reached few deliver its promise near-comprehensive assessment. then outline can help us move toward real-time, bioassessment, illustrating different could benefit from metabarcoding. Next, address barriers widespread adoption highlighting need standardized sampling protocols, experts computational resources handle deluge data, standardized, open-source bioinformatic pipelines. Finally, explore technological scientific advances realize total sample—from microbes mammals—and unlock rich information genomics exposes, opening new possibilities merging whole-system (1) abundance biomass quantification, (2) advanced modeling, such as species occupancy models, improve detection, (3) population genetics, (4) phylogenetics, (5) food web functional gene analysis. While many challenges be addressed facilitate environmental approaches, concurrent usher methods supplement reliant morphological abiotic data. This expanded toolbox ensure best tool used job enable exciting integrative techniques capitalize tools. Collectively, approaches aid addressing crisis now face.

Язык: Английский

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Invertebrate functional traits and terrestrial nutrient cycling: Insights from a global meta‐analysis

Journal of Animal Ecology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 90(7), С. 1714 - 1726

Опубликована: Март 30, 2021

Functional traits are useful for characterizing variation in community and ecosystem dynamics. Most advances trait-based ecology to date centre on plant functional traits, although there is an increasing recognition that animal also key contributors processes operating at the or scale. Terrestrial invertebrates incredibly diverse ubiquitous animals with important roles nutrient cycling. Despite their widespread influence processes, we currently lack a synthetic understanding of how invertebrate affect terrestrial We present meta-analysis 511 paired observations from 122 papers examined affected litter decomposition rates, nitrogen pools C:N ratios. Based available data, specifically assessed effects feeding mode (bioturbation, detritus shredding, grazing, leaf chewing, piercing, ambush predators, active hunting predators) body size (macro- micro-invertebrates) The cycling varied according trait. inclusion both macro- (≥2 mm) micro-invertebrates (<2 increased by 20% 19%, respectively. All detritivorous modes enhanced bioturbators, shredders grazers 28%, 22% 15%, Neither herbivore (e.g. chewers piercers) nor predator (ambush hunting) decomposition. revealed bioturbators soil availability 99% 70%, respectively, leaf-chewing herbivores had weak effect litterfall stoichiometry via reducing ratios 11%. Although might be predictors our findings suggest context-dependent Detritivore (i.e. grazers) more consistent rates cycling, whereas characterized less predictive. Future research needed identify, standardize deliberately study impacts hopes revealing governing functioning worldwide.

Язык: Английский

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Environmental DNA as an emerging tool in botanical research

American Journal of Botany, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 110(2)

Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2023

Over the past quarter century, environmental DNA (eDNA) has been ascendant as a tool to detect, measure, and monitor biodiversity (species communities), means of elucidating biological interaction networks, window into understanding patterns biodiversity. However, only recently potential eDNA realized in botanical world. Here we synthesize state applications systems with emphases on aquatic, ancient, contemporary sediment, airborne systems, focusing both single-species approaches multispecies community metabarcoding. Further, describe how abiotic biotic factors, taxonomic resolution, primer choice, spatiotemporal scales, relative abundance influence utilization interpretation results. Lastly, explore several areas opportunities for further development tools plants, advancing our knowledge efficacy, utility, cost-effectiveness, ultimately facilitating increased adoption analyses systems.

Язык: Английский

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Top predator status and trends: ecological implications, monitoring and mitigation strategies to promote ecosystem-based management

Frontiers in Marine Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 11

Опубликована: Май 13, 2024

The conservation and management of marine ecosystems hinge on a comprehensive understanding the status trends top predators. This review delves into ecological significance predators, examining their roles in maintaining ecosystem stability functioning through an integrated analysis current scientific literature. We first assess efficacy various monitoring methods, ranging from traditional field observations to cutting-edge technologies like satellite tracking environmental DNA (eDNA) evaluating strengths limitations terms accuracy, spatial coverage, cost-effectiveness, providing resource managers with essential insights for informed decision-making. Then, by synthesizing data diverse ecosystems, this study offers overview affecting predator populations worldwide. explore multifaceted impacts human activities, climate change, habitat degradation abundance distribution these key species. In doing so, we shed light broader implications declining populations, such as trophic cascades altered community structures. Following thorough assessment successful strategies reversing decline compilation recommendations is presented, encompassing effective governance interventions. A crucial aspect ecosystem-based implementation robust strategies. Mitigation measures are imperative reverse adverse present array mitigation options based case studies. These include establishment protected areas, enforcement fisheries regulations, promotion sustainable fishing practices. deepen synergies between potential mitigate human-induced stressors safeguard pivotal role structure function. By predators’ significance, analyzing population trends, discussing techniques, outlining strategies, provide researchers, policymakers, stakeholders engaged fostering approaches. conclude that integrating frameworks will be both predators environment future generations.

Язык: Английский

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A repeatable and quantitative DNA metabarcoding assay to characterize mixed strongyle infections in horses

International Journal for Parasitology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 51(2-3), С. 183 - 192

Опубликована: Ноя. 23, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Regional Comparison of Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Diet using DNA Metabarcoding

Biodiversity and Conservation, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 30(3), С. 797 - 817

Опубликована: Фев. 9, 2021

Язык: Английский

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DNA barcoding of Chinese snakes reveals hidden diversity and conservation needs

Molecular Ecology Resources, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 23(5), С. 1124 - 1141

Опубликована: Март 16, 2023

DNA barcoding has greatly facilitated studies of taxonomy, biodiversity, biological conservation, and ecology. Here, we establish a reliable library for Chinese snakes, unveiling hidden diversity with implications provide standardized tool conservation management. Our comprehensive study includes 1638 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences from snakes that correspond to 17 families, 65 genera, 228 named species (80.6% species) 36 candidate species. A barcode gap analysis reveals gaps, where all nearest neighbour distances exceed maximum intraspecific distances, in 217 Three species-delimitation methods (ABGD, sGMYC, sPTP) recover 320 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which 192 OTUs Twenty-eight other share OTUs, such as Azemiops feae A. kharini, Gloydius halys, G. shedaoensis, intermedius, Bungarus multicinctus B. candidus, representing inconsistencies most probably caused by imperfect recent rapid speciation, weak signal, introgressive hybridization, and/or inadequate phylogenetic signal. In contrast, 43 assign two or more due having large distances. If detected this reflect valid species, including the then 30% would exist than are currently recognized. Several OTU divergences associate known biogeographic barriers, Taiwan Strait. addition facilitating future studies, relatively reference database will play an important role monitoring, management snakes.

Язык: Английский

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Are hippos Africa's most influential megaherbivore? A review of ecosystem engineering by the semi‐aquatic common hippopotamus

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 98(5), С. 1509 - 1529

Опубликована: Апрель 24, 2023

Megaherbivores perform vital ecosystem engineering roles, and have their last remaining stronghold in Africa. Of Africa's megaherbivores, the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) has received least scientific conservation attention, despite how influential activities appear to be. Given potentially crucial influence of hippos, as well mounting concerns threatening long-term persistence, a review evidence for hippos being engineers, effects engineering, is both timely necessary. In this review, we assess, (i) aspects hippo biology that underlie unique potential; (ii) evaluate ecological impacts terrestrial aquatic environments; (iii) compare other extant African megaherbivores; (iv) factors most critical engineering; (v) highlight future research directions challenges may yield new insights into role megaherbivores more broadly. We find variety key life-history traits determine hippo's influence, including semi-aquatic lifestyle, large body size, specialised gut anatomy, muzzle structure, small partially webbed feet, highly gregarious nature. On land, create grazing lawns contain distinct plant communities alter fire spatial extent, which shapes woody demographics might assist maintaining fire-sensitive riverine vegetation. water, deposit nutrient-rich dung, stimulating food chains altering water chemistry quality, impacting host different organisms. Hippo trampling wallowing alters geomorphological processes, widening riverbanks, creating river channels, forming gullies along well-utilised paths. Taken together, propose these myriad combine make megaherbivore, specifically because high diversity intensity compared with capacity transfer nutrients across boundaries, enriching ecosystems. Nonetheless, pollution extraction agriculture industry, erratic rainfall patterns human-hippo conflict, threaten persistence. Therefore, encourage greater consideration engineers when considering functional importance megafauna ecosystems, increased attention declining habitat populations, if unchecked could change way many ecosystems function.

Язык: Английский

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