Astrocytes in memory formation and maintenance
Essays in Biochemistry,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
67(1), С. 107 - 117
Опубликована: Сен. 23, 2022
Learning
and
memory
are
fundamental
but
highly
complex
functions
of
the
brain.
They
rely
on
multiple
mechanisms
including
processing
sensory
information,
formation,
maintenance
short-
long-term
memory,
retrieval
extinction.
Recent
experiments
provide
strong
evidence
that,
besides
neurons,
astrocytes
crucially
contribute
to
these
higher
brain
functions.
However,
interplay
neurons
in
local
neuron-glia
assemblies
is
far
from
being
understood.
Although
important
basic
cellular
principles
that
govern
link
neuronal
astrocytic
have
been
established,
additional
clearly
continue
emerge.
In
this
short
essay,
we
first
review
current
technologies
allowing
experimenter
explore
role
behaving
animals,
with
focus
spatial
memory.
We
then
discuss
signaling
their
learning
also
reveal
gaps
our
knowledge
currently
prevent
a
comprehensive
understanding
how
acquisition,
storage
by
modulating
circuits.
Язык: Английский
Contributions of carotid bodies, retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons and preBötzinger complex astrocytes to the CO2‐sensitive drive for breathing
The Journal of Physiology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
602(1), С. 223 - 240
Опубликована: Сен. 24, 2023
Abstract
Current
models
of
respiratory
CO
2
chemosensitivity
are
centred
around
the
function
a
specific
population
neurons
residing
in
medullary
retrotrapezoid
nucleus
(RTN).
However,
there
is
significant
evidence
suggesting
that
chemosensitive
exist
other
brainstem
areas,
including
rhythm‐generating
region
medulla
oblongata
–
preBötzinger
complex
(preBötC).
There
also
astrocytes,
non‐neuronal
brain
cells,
contribute
to
central
chemosensitivity.
In
this
study,
we
reevaluated
relative
contributions
RTN
neurons,
preBötC
and
carotid
body
chemoreceptors
mediating
responses
experimental
animals
(adult
laboratory
rats).
To
block
astroglial
signalling
via
exocytotic
release
transmitters,
astrocytes
were
targeted
express
tetanus
toxin
light
chain
(TeLC).
Bilateral
expression
TeLC
was
associated
with
∼20%
∼30%
reduction
response
conscious
anaesthetized
animals,
respectively.
Carotid
denervation
reduced
by
∼25%.
inhibition
transduced
Gi‐coupled
designer
receptors
exclusively
activated
drug
(DREADD
Gi
)
application
clozapine‐
N
‐oxide
∼40%
rats,
Combined
blockade
preBötC,
‐induced
∼70%.
These
data
further
support
hypothesis
‐sensitive
drive
breathe
requires
inputs
from
peripheral
several
chemoreceptor
sites.
At
level,
modulate
activity
network
,
either
relaying
chemosensory
information
(i.e.
they
act
as
sensors)
or
enhancing
excitability
inputs.
image
Key
points
This
study
roles
played
bodies,
(RTN)
breathe.
The
obtained
show
disruption
signalling,
similarly
reduce
hypercapnia.
provide
for
mediated
Язык: Английский
Temporal variations in the pattern of breathing: techniques, sources, and applications to translational sciences
The Journal of Physiological Sciences,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
72(1)
Опубликована: Авг. 29, 2022
Abstract
The
breathing
process
possesses
a
complex
variability
caused
in
part
by
the
respiratory
central
pattern
generator
brainstem;
however,
it
also
arises
from
chemical
and
mechanical
feedback
control
loops,
network
reorganization
sharing
with
nonrespiratory
motor
acts,
as
well
inputs
cortical
subcortical
systems.
notion
that
fluctuations
contain
hidden
information
has
prompted
scientists
to
decipher
signals
better
understand
fundamental
mechanisms
of
generation,
interactions
emotion,
influences
on
neuronal
networks
associated
cognition,
changes
healthy
disease-carrying
individuals.
Respiration
can
be
used
express
emotion.
Furthermore,
respiration
appears
organize
brain-wide
oscillations
via
cross-frequency
coupling,
optimizing
cognitive
performance.
With
aid
theory-based
techniques
machine
learning,
translated
into
form
usable
clinical
practice
for
diagnosis,
emotion
recognition,
mental
conditioning.
Язык: Английский
Morphological deficits of glial cells in a transgenic mouse model for developmental stuttering
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 5, 2024
Vocal
production
involves
intricate
neural
coordination
across
various
brain
regions.
Stuttering,
a
common
speech
disorder,
has
genetic
underpinnings,
including
mutations
in
lysosomal-targeting
pathway
genes.
Using
Gnptab-mutant
mouse
model
linked
to
stuttering,
we
examined
neuron
and
glial
cell
morphology
vocal
circuits.
Our
findings
revealed
altered
astrocyte
microglia
processes
these
circuits
mice,
while
control
regions
remained
unaffected.
results
shed
light
on
the
potential
role
of
cells
stuttering
pathophysiology
highlight
their
relevance
modulating
behaviors.
Язык: Английский
Insulin and leptin acutely modulate the energy metabolism of primary hypothalamic and cortical astrocytes
Journal of Neurochemistry,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
169(1)
Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2024
Astrocytes
constitute
a
heterogeneous
cell
population
within
the
brain,
contributing
crucially
to
brain
homeostasis
and
playing
an
important
role
in
overall
function.
Their
function
metabolism
are
not
only
regulated
by
local
signals,
for
example,
from
nearby
neurons,
but
also
long-range
signals
such
as
hormones.
Thus,
two
prominent
hormones
primarily
known
regulating
energy
balance
of
whole
organism,
insulin,
leptin,
have
been
reported
impact
astrocytes
brain.
In
this
study,
we
investigated
acute
regulation
astrocytic
these
cultured
prepared
mouse
cortex
hypothalamus,
pivotal
region
context
nutritional
regulation.
Utilizing
genetically
encoded,
fluorescent
nanosensors,
cytosolic
concentrations
glucose,
lactate,
ATP,
along
with
glycolytic
rate
NADH/NAD
Язык: Английский
The Masticatory Activity Interference in Quantitative Estimation of CA1, CA3 and Dentate Gyrus Hippocampal Astrocytes of Aged Murine Models and under Environmental Stimulation
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(7), С. 6529 - 6529
Опубликована: Март 31, 2023
Studies
indicating
the
influence
of
masticatory
dysfunction,
due
to
a
soft
diet
or
lack
molars,
on
impairing
spatial
memory
and
learning
have
led
research
about
neuronal
connections
between
areas
cell
populations
possibly
affected.
In
this
sense,
with
scarce
detailed
data
subfields
hippocampus
in
dementia
neurodegeneration,
there
is
no
information
astrocytic
responses
its
different
layers.
Thus,
considering
context,
present
study
evaluated
effects
deprivation
rehabilitation
activity,
aging,
environmental
enrichment
stereological
quantification
hippocampal
astrocytes
from
layers
CA1,
CA3,
DG.
For
purpose,
we
examined
mature
(6-month-old;
6M),
aged
(18-month-old;
18M)
mice,
subjected
distinct
regimens
environments.
Three
activity
were
applied:
continuous
normal
mastication
hard
pellets
(HD);
followed
by
deprived
equal
periods
powder
(HD/SD);
rehabilitated
HD,
powder,
(HD/SD/HD).
Under
each
specific
regimen,
half
animals
raised
standard
cages
(impoverished
environment
(IE))
other
enriched
(enriched
(EE)),
mimicking
sedentary
active
lifestyles.
Microscopic
stereological,
systematic,
random
sampling
approaches
an
optical
dissector
GFAP-immunolabeled
done,
allowing
for
astrocyte
numerical
estimate.
Stratum
moleculare
hilus,
dentate
gyrus
(DG)
Strata
Lacunosum-Moleculare,
Oriens,
Radiatum,
similarly
gyrus,
showed
significant
change
any
investigated
variables
(age,
diet,
environment)
these
However,
radiatum,
it
was
possible
observe
differences
associated
age.
Therefore,
diet-related
found
when
HD
18M
IE
group
compared
HD/SD/HD
18-month-old
same
(IE)
(p
=
0.007).
study,
modulatory
factors
(masticatory
function,
enrichment,
aging)
differentiated
quantitative
laminar
response
regions,
suggesting
studies
read
plasticity
responsiveness
astrocytes,
including
molecular
background.
Язык: Английский
Unified Neuromechanical Control Model for Rhythmic and Discrete Hand Movements
Mathematical Modelling and Engineering Problems,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
11(2), С. 279 - 289
Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2024
Movement
is
one
of
the
essential
characteristics
living
beings.Despite
diversity
animal
species
and
apparent
differences,
standard
features
exist
between
their
movement
systems
that
follow
a
particular
pattern.The
movements
can
mainly
be
divided
into
discrete
rhythmic
categories
controlled
by
central
nervous
system.Scientists
usually
consider
these
two
types
motion
separately
in
control
system
use
different
methods
resources
to
produce
model
them.Proposing
unified
comprehensive
for
generating
controlling
with
same
more
valuable,
albeit
challenging.This
because
such
would
address
fundamental
problem
field
motor
control,
offering
holistic
solution
understanding
how
beings
generate
movement.A
could
revolutionize
various
fields,
including
robotics,
rehabilitation,
neuroscience,
providing
versatile
framework
applicable
applications.In
this
study,
we
employed
Hodgkin-Huxley
(HH)
equations
our
computational
model;
suitability
lies
ability
capture
intricate
dynamics
neural
oscillations
behavior
networks,
making
them
an
ideal
choice
investigation.Our
analysis
model,
factors
influencing
motion,
oscillation
revealed
crucial
insights.We
found
supraspinal
input
neuron
feedback,
as
key
parameters,
play
pivotal
roles
movements.These
findings
contribute
orchestrates
both
within
single
framework.Developing
neuromechanical
capable
creating
holds
promising
implications.This
research
potentially
advance
fields
biomechanics,
rehabilitation
control.Moreover,
switching
mechanism
states
lead
innovative
strategies
designing
adaptive
robotic
improving
protocols
individuals
impairments.
Язык: Английский
The hypoxic respiratory response of the pre-Bötzinger complex
Heliyon,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
10(14), С. e34491 - e34491
Опубликована: Июль 1, 2024
Язык: Английский
Whole-brain analysis of CO2chemosensitive regions and identification of the retrotrapezoid and medullary raphé nuclei in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Сен. 28, 2023
Respiratory
chemosensitivity
is
an
important
mechanism
by
which
the
brain
senses
changes
in
blood
partial
pressure
of
CO2
(PCO2).
It
proposed
that
special
neurons
(and
astrocytes)
various
brainstem
regions
play
key
roles
as
central
respiratory
chemosensors
rodents.
Although
common
marmosets
(Callithrix
jacchus),
New-World
non-human
primates,
show
similar
responses
to
elevated
inspired
rodents,
chemosensitive
marmoset
have
not
been
defined
yet.
Here,
we
used
c-fos
immunostainings
identify
brain-wide
CO2-activated
marmosets.
In
addition,
mapped
location
retrotrapezoid
nucleus
(RTN)
and
raphé
nuclei
based
on
colocalization
CO2-induced
immunoreactivity
with
Phox2b,
TPH
immunostaining,
respectively.
Our
data
also
indicated
that,
RTN
astrocytes
express
Phox2b
complex
processes
create
a
meshwork
structure
at
ventral
surface
medulla.
highlight
some
cellular
structural
regional
similarities
Язык: Английский