A Comprehensive Review of the Protein Subunit Vaccines Against COVID-19

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Июль 14, 2022

Two years after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), in December 2019, the first infections were identified Wuhan city of China. SARS-CoV-2 infection caused a global pandemic and accordingly, 5.41 million deaths worldwide. Hence, developing safe efficient vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to be an urgent need. Attempts produce vaccines inexhaustibly are ongoing. At present time, according COVID-19 tracker landscape provided by World Health Organization (WHO), there 161 candidates different clinical phases all over world. In between, protein subunit types that contain viral like spike or its segment as antigen assumed elicit humoral cellular immunity good protective effects. Previously, this technology manufacturing was used recombinant influenza (RIV4). work, we review passing their phase 3 4 trials, population participated these manufactures, efficiency side effects, other features vaccines.

Язык: Английский

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Development in the Concept of Bacterial Polysaccharide Repeating Unit-Based Antibacterial Conjugate Vaccines

ACS Infectious Diseases, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 9(2), С. 178 - 212

Опубликована: Янв. 27, 2023

The surface of cells is coated with a dense layer glycans, known as the cell glycocalyx. complex glycans in glycocalyx are involved various biological events, such bacterial pathogenesis, protection bacteria from environmental stresses, etc. Polysaccharides on highly conserved and accessible molecules, thus they excellent immunological targets. Consequently, polysaccharides their repeating units have been extensively studied antigens for development antibacterial vaccines. This Review surveys recent developments synthetic investigations polysaccharide unit-based conjugate vaccines against several human pathogenic bacteria. major challenges associated functional carbohydrate-based also considered.

Язык: Английский

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An overview on inactivated and live‐attenuated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines

Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 36(5)

Опубликована: Апрель 14, 2022

Abstract After about 2 years since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV‑2), first infections were detected in Wuhan city of China December 2019, which was followed by a worldwide pandemic with record 5.41 million deaths. Due to urgent need for the development safe and effective vaccine disease 2019 (COVID‐19), attempts producing efficient vaccines are inexhaustibly continuing. According report World Health Organization (WHO) on COVID‐19 tracker landscape, there 149 candidates all over world. Inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 as conventional platform consist whole virus particles grown cell culture inactivated chemicals. Because benefits such antigenic similarity real virion inducing humoral cellular immune responses ease transport storage, these vaccines, including produced Bharat Biotech, Sinopharm, Sinovac, use at large scales. In this study, we have review that passing their phase 3 4 clinical trials, population included producers, efficiency, adverse effects, components other features.

Язык: Английский

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The Integrated Consideration of Vaccine Platforms, Adjuvants, and Delivery Routes for Successful Vaccine Development

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(3), С. 695 - 695

Опубликована: Март 17, 2023

Vaccines have proven to be the most cost-efficient and reasonable way fight exterminate virulent pathogens. can designed using a variety of platforms including inactivated/attenuated pathogen or subunits it. The recent COVID mRNA vaccines employed nucleic acid sequences for antigen interest combat pandemic. Different vaccine been chosen different licensed which all shown their ability induce durable immune responses protection. In addition platforms, adjuvants used strengthen immunogenicity vaccines. Among delivery routes, intramuscular injection has common vaccination. this review, we present historical overview integrated consideration adjuvants, routes in success development. We also discuss advantages limitations each choice efficacy

Язык: Английский

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COVID-19 Vaccines: Where Did We Stand at the End of 2023?

Viruses, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 16(2), С. 203 - 203

Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2024

Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has been highly successful in slowing down the COVID-19 pandemic. A wide spectrum of approaches including vaccines based on whole viruses, protein subunits and peptides, viral vectors, nucleic acids developed parallel. For all types vaccines, good safety efficacy have obtained both preclinical animal studies clinical trials humans. Moreover, emergency use authorization granted for major vaccines. Although high demonstrated, rare cases severe adverse events detected after global mass vaccinations. Emerging variants possessing enhanced infectivity affected vaccine protection requiring re-design re-engineering novel candidates. Furthermore, insight is given into preparedness emerging variants.

Язык: Английский

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Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Vaccine Effectiveness

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 10(10), С. 1751 - 1751

Опубликована: Окт. 19, 2022

The incidence and death toll due to SARS-CoV-2 infection varied time-to-time; depended on several factors, including severity (viral load), immune status, age, gender, vaccination presence of comorbidities. RNA genome has mutated produced variants, which were classified by the Interagency Group (SIG) into four major categories. first category; “Variant Being Monitored (VBM)”, consists Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Epsilon (B.1.427, B.1.429), Eta (B.1.525), Iota (B.1.526), Kappa (B.1.617.1), Mu (B.1.621), Zeta (P.2); second “Variants Concern” Omicron (B.1.1.529). third fourth categories include Interest (VOI)”, High Consequence (VOHC)”, respectively, contain no variants currently under these surge in VBM VOC poses a significant threat public health globally as they exhibit altered virulence, transmissibility, diagnostic or therapeutic escape, ability evade host response. Studies have shown that certain mutations increase infectivity pathogenicity virus demonstrated case SARS-CoV-2, variant. It is reported variant >60 with at least 30 Spike protein (“S” protein) 15 receptor-binding domain (RBD), resulting rapid attachment target cells evasion. spread VOCs affected actual protective efficacy first-generation vaccines (ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S, NVX-CoV2373, BNT162b2). Currently, data effectiveness existing against newer are very scanty; hence additional studies immediately warranted. To this end, recent initiated investigations elucidate structural features crucial proteins their involvement pathogenesis. In addition, intense research progress develop better preventive strategies halt COVID-19 caused variants. This review summarizes structure life cycle provides background information associated reviews safety vaccines/vaccine candidates approved its

Язык: Английский

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Viral vector and nucleic acid vaccines against COVID-19: A narrative review

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Авг. 31, 2022

After about 2 years since the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections in Wuhan, China, December 2019 that resulted a worldwide pandemic, 6.2 million deaths have been recorded. As result, there is an urgent need for development safe and effective vaccine disease (COVID-19). Endeavors production vaccines inexhaustibly are continuing. At present according to World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 tracker landscape, 153 candidates developing clinical phase all over world. Some new exciting platforms nucleic acid-based such as Pfizer Biontech Moderna consisting messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding viral spike protein host cells. Another novel platform vector could be replicating or nonreplicating. These types harmless like adenovirus contain genome SARS-CoV-2, which induces significant immune responses. This technology manufacturing has previously used many human trials conducted adenoviral vector-based against different infectious agents, including Ebola virus, Zika HIV, malaria. In this paper, we review passing their 3 4 discuss efficiency adverse effects.

Язык: Английский

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Acute pancreatitis following COVID-19 vaccine: A case report and brief literature review

Heliyon, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 9(1), С. e12914 - e12914

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Vaccination is the most effective way to overcome COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. However, Covid-19 vaccines may cause potential adverse effects. We reported a 28-year-old healthy woman who was referred emergency department with chief complaint of severe abdominal pain, nausea hemoptysis. She has received two doses vaccine (Sinopharm BIBP). Similar this time, three days after injection second dose Sinopharm BIBP vaccine, flank pain appeared, for which she department. After necessary tests pancreatitis confirmed, we started fluid therapy, plasmapheresis, gemfibrozil insulin patient management. The lead acute pancreatitis. mechanism caused by unclear. Acute can develop vaccination. This process even happen few months later. Therefore, better diagnosis prevention long-term complications, it measuring lipase or amylase in patients that if occurred.

Язык: Английский

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An Update on Zika Virus Vaccine Development and New Research Approaches

Microbiology Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15(2), С. 667 - 692

Опубликована: Апрель 29, 2024

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that represents significant public health challenges, particularly in the Americas, and a substantial risk to other parts of world due its rapid expansion established association with neurological disorders, including Guillain–Barré syndrome intrauterine fetal infection can cause microcephaly, blindness, congenital complications. To date, no vaccine prevent ZIKV infections has been approved. Therefore, developing safe effective against this global priority. This review analyzes outbreaks, as well associated complications, genome, immunological responses. The current vaccines development have reported results from preclinical clinical trials about novel approaches obtain safer more challenges faced by development.

Язык: Английский

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Exigency of Plant-Based Vaccine against COVID-19 Emergence as Pandemic Preparedness

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(8), С. 1347 - 1347

Опубликована: Авг. 9, 2023

After two years since the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO), more than six million deaths have occurred due to SARS-CoV-2, leading an unprecedented disruption global economy. Fortunately, within year, wide range vaccines, including pathogen-based inactivated and live-attenuated replicating non-replicating vector-based nucleic acid (DNA mRNA)-based protein-based subunit virus-like particle (VLP)-based been developed mitigate severe impacts pandemic. These vaccines proven highly effective in reducing severity illness preventing deaths. However, availability supply become issue prioritization vaccine distribution most countries. Additionally, virus continues mutate spread, questions arisen regarding effectiveness against new strains SARS-CoV-2 that can evade host immunity. The urgent need for booster doses enhance immunity has recognized. scarcity “safe effective” exacerbated inequalities terms coverage. development fallen short expectations set forth 2020 2021. Furthermore, equitable at national levels remains challenge, particularly developing In such circumstances, exigency plant virus-based apparent means overcome shortages through fast manufacturing processes enable quick convenient millions people without reliance on cold chain system. Moreover, demonstrated both safety efficacy eliciting robust cellular immunogenicity pathogens. This review aims shed light advantages disadvantages different types provide update current status plant-based fight

Язык: Английский

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