Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
16
Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2022
As
resident
component
of
the
innate
immunity
in
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
microglia
are
key
players
pathology.
However,
they
also
exert
fundamental
roles
brain
development
and
homeostasis
maintenance.
They
extremely
sensitive
plastic,
as
assiduously
monitor
environment,
adapting
their
function
response
to
stimuli.
On
consequence,
may
be
defined
a
heterogeneous
community
cells
dynamic
equilibrium.
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
released
by
mirror
nature
donor
cells,
exerting
important
versatile
functions
CNS
unbounded
conveyors
bioactive
signals.
In
this
review,
we
summarize
current
knowledge
on
EVs
microglia,
highlighting
properties
multifaceted
effects.
Alzheimer s & Dementia,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 17, 2025
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
have
emerged
as
novel
blood-based
biomarkers
for
various
pathologies.
The
development
of
methods
to
enrich
cell-specific
EVs
from
biofluids
has
enabled
us
monitor
difficult-to-access
organs,
such
the
brain,
in
real
time
without
disrupting
their
function,
thus
serving
liquid
biopsy.
Burgeoning
evidence
indicates
that
contents
neuron-derived
(NDEs)
blood
reveal
dynamic
alterations
occur
during
neurodegenerative
pathogenesis,
including
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD),
reflecting
a
disease-specific
molecular
signature.
Among
these
AD-specific
changes
is
brain
insulin-signaling
dysregulation,
which
cannot
be
assessed
clinically
living
patient
and
remains
an
unexplained
co-occurrence
AD
pathogenesis.
This
review
focused
on
delineating
how
NDEs
may
begin
close
gap
between
identifying
associated
with
insulin
dysregulation
reliably
patients
its
connection
AD.
approach
could
lead
identification
early
less-invasive
diagnostic
HIGHLIGHTS:
Neuron-derived
extracellular
isolated
peripheral
blood.
reflect
signature
(AD).
Brain
plays
critical
role
predict
dysregulation.
offer
ACS Omega,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
10(6), С. 5148 - 5171
Опубликована: Фев. 3, 2025
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
is
an
aging-related
irreversible
neurodegenerative
affecting
mostly
the
elderly
population.
The
main
pathological
features
of
AD
are
extracellular
Aβ
plaques
generated
by
APP
cleavage
through
amyloidogenic
pathway,
intracellular
neurofibrillary
tangles
(NFT)
resulting
from
hyperphosphorylated
tau
proteins,
and
cholinergic
neurodegeneration.
However,
actual
causes
unknown,
but
several
studies
suggest
hereditary
mutations
in
PSEN1
-2,
APOE4,
APP,
TAU
genes
major
perpetrators.
In
order
to
understand
etiology
pathogenesis
AD,
various
hypotheses
proposed.
These
include
following
hypotheses:
amyloid
accumulation,
tauopathy,
inflammation,
oxidative
stress,
mitochondrial
dysfunction,
glutamate/excitotoxicity,
deficiency,
gut
dysbiosis.
Currently
approved
therapeutic
interventions
donepezil,
galantamine,
rivastigmine,
which
cholinesterase
inhibitors
(ChEIs),
memantine,
N-methyl-d-aspartate
(NMDA)
antagonist.
treatment
strategies
focus
on
only
symptomatic
management
attenuating
symptoms
not
regeneration
neurons
or
clearance
Tau.
This
review
focuses
pathophysiology,
novel
targets,
disease-altering
treatments
such
as
α-secretase
modulators,
active
immunotherapy,
passive
natural
antioxidant
products,
nanomaterials,
antiamyloid
therapy,
aggregation
inhibitors,
transplantation
fecal
microbiota
stem
cells,
microtubule
stabilizers
that
clinical
trials
still
under
investigation.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
16
Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2022
As
resident
component
of
the
innate
immunity
in
central
nervous
system
(CNS),
microglia
are
key
players
pathology.
However,
they
also
exert
fundamental
roles
brain
development
and
homeostasis
maintenance.
They
extremely
sensitive
plastic,
as
assiduously
monitor
environment,
adapting
their
function
response
to
stimuli.
On
consequence,
may
be
defined
a
heterogeneous
community
cells
dynamic
equilibrium.
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
released
by
mirror
nature
donor
cells,
exerting
important
versatile
functions
CNS
unbounded
conveyors
bioactive
signals.
In
this
review,
we
summarize
current
knowledge
on
EVs
microglia,
highlighting
properties
multifaceted
effects.
