The
proliferation
of
medical
wearables
necessitates
the
development
novel
electrodes
for
cutaneous
electrophysiology.
In
this
work,
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
polystyrene
sulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS)
is
combined
with
a
deep
eutectic
solvent
(DES)
and
polyethylene
glycol
acrylate
(PEGDA)
to
develop
printable
biocompatible
long-term
electrophysiology
recordings.
impact
printing
parameters
on
conducting
properties,
morphological
characteristics,
mechanical
stability
biocompatibility
material
were
investigated.
optimised
eutectogel
formulations
fabricated
in
four
different
patterns
—flat,
pyramidal,
striped
wavy—
explore
influence
electrode
geometry
skin
conformability
contact.
These
employed
impedance
forearm
EMG
measurements.
Furthermore,
arrays
twenty
embedded
into
textile
used
generate
body
surface
potential
maps
(BSPMs)
forearm,
where
finger
movements
recorded
analysed.
Finally,
BSPMs
three
letters
(B,
I,
O)
sign-language
train
logistic
regressor
classifier
able
reliably
identify
each
letter.
This
fabrication
approach
offers
new
opportunities
electrophysiological
recordings,
online
translation
brain-machine
interfaces.
Giant,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
17, С. 100209 - 100209
Опубликована: Ноя. 15, 2023
Additive
manufacturing
(AM)
aka
three-dimensional
(3D)
printing
has
been
a
well-established
and
unparalleled
technology,
which
is
expanding
the
boundaries
of
materials
science
exhibiting
an
enormous
potential
to
fabricate
intricate
geometries
for
healthcare,
electronics,
construction
sectors.
In
contemporary
era,
combination
AM
technology
stimuli-responsive
hydrogels
(SRHs)
helps
create
dynamic
functional
structures
with
extreme
accuracy,
are
capable
changing
their
shape,
functional,
or
mechanical
properties
in
response
environmental
cues
such
as
humidity,
heat,
light,
pH,
magnetic
field,
electric
etc.
3D
SRHs
permits
creation
on-demand
dynamically
controllable
shapes
excellent
control
over
various
self-repair,
self-assembly,
multi-functionality,
These
accelerate
researchers
think
unthinkable
applications.
Additively
manufactured
objects
have
shown
applications
like
tissue
engineering,
drug
delivery,
soft
robots,
sensors,
other
biomedical
devices.
The
current
review
provides
recent
progress
SRHs,
more
focus
on
techniques,
stimuli
mechanisms,
shape
morphing
behaviors,
Finally,
trends
future
roadmap
additively
smart
different
also
presented,
will
be
helpful
research.
This
holds
great
promise
providing
fundamental
knowledge
about
diverse
Abstract
Conductive
polymer
hydrogels
(CPHs)
are
gaining
considerable
attention
in
developing
wearable
electronics
due
to
their
unique
combination
of
high
conductivity
and
softness.
However,
the
absence
interactions,
incompatibility
between
hydrophobic
conductive
polymers
(CPs)
hydrophilic
networks
gives
rise
inadequate
bonding
CPs
hydrogel
matrices,
thereby
significantly
impairing
mechanical
electrical
properties
CPHs
constraining
utility
electronic
sensors.
Therefore,
endow
with
good
performance,
it
is
necessary
ensure
a
stable
robust
network
CPs.
Encouragingly,
recent
research
has
demonstrated
that
incorporating
supramolecular
interactions
into
enhances
interaction,
improving
overall
CPH
performance.
comprehensive
review
focusing
on
(SCPH)
for
sensing
applications
currently
lacking.
This
provides
summary
typical
strategies
employed
development
high‐performance
elucidates
SCPHs
closely
associated
Moreover,
discusses
fabrication
methods
classification
SCPH
sensors,
while
also
exploring
latest
application
scenarios
Finally,
challenges
sensors
offers
suggestions
future
advancements.
Advanced Functional Materials,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
34(40)
Опубликована: Апрель 26, 2024
Abstract
The
development
of
multifunctional
organic
materials
represents
a
vibrant
area
research,
with
applications
spanning
from
biosensing
to
drug
delivery.
This
study
shows
the
bioelectronic
device
suitable
for
prolonged
temperature
monitoring
and
delivery
applications.
relies
on
conducting
thermo‐responsive
hydrogel
made
poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)
doped
poly(styrene
sulfonate)
(PEDOT:PSS)
poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)
(PNIPAM).
is
4D
printable
by
Digital
Light
Processing
(DLP)
method
exhibits
optimal
biocompatibility.
features
low
critical
solution
(LCST)
≈35
°C,
above
which
its
resistance
changes
dramatically
due
shrinkage
it
undergoes
temperature.
integration
PNIPAM/PEDOT
into
an
electrochemical
transistor
(OECT)
as
gate
electrode
allows
generate
miniaturized
reversible
response
variations
between
25
45
along
high
sensitivity
0.05
°C
−1
.
Furthermore,
demonstrates
utility
in
delivery,
achieving
Insulin‐FITC
release
rate
82
±
4%
at
37
mimicking
human
body
conditions.
hydrogel's
functionality
store
insulin
does
not
compromise
thermo‐responsivity
overall
performance
OECT.
OECT
opens
new
avenues
customizable
personalized
sensing
drug‐delivery
systems.
Abstract
In
this
work,
a
new
method
of
multi‐material
printing
in
one‐go
using
commercially
available
3D
printer
is
presented.
The
approach
simple
and
versatile,
allowing
the
manufacturing
layered
or
same
layer.
To
best
knowledge,
it
first
time
that
printed
Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)
polystyrene
sulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS)
micro‐patterns
combining
different
materials
are
reported,
overcoming
mechanical
stability
issues.
Moreover,
conducting
ink
engineered
to
obtain
stable
in‐time
while
retaining
sub‐100
µm
resolution.
Micro‐structured
bio‐shaped
protuberances
designed
as
electrodes
for
electrophysiology.
these
microstructures
combined
with
polymerizable
deep
eutectic
solvents
(polyDES)
functional
additives,
gaining
adhesion
ionic
conductivity.
As
result
novel
electrodes,
low
skin
impedance
values
showed
suitable
performance
electromyography
recording
on
forearm.
Finally,
concluded
use
polyDES
conferred
over
time,
usability
electrode
90
days
after
fabrication
without
losing
its
performance.
All
all,
demonstrated
very
easy‐to‐make
procedure
allows
PEDOT:PSS
soft,
hard,
and/or
flexible
substrates,
opening
up
paradigm
multi‐functional
field
bioelectronics
wearables.
Chemical Society Reviews,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
Recent
advancements
in
wearable
biosensors
and
bioelectronics
highlight
biocompatible
conducting
nanocomposite
hydrogels
as
key
components
for
personalized
health
devices
soft
electronics.
Macromolecular Rapid Communications,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
45(7)
Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2024
Photocuring
3D
printing
of
hydrogels,
with
sophisticated,
delicate
structures
and
biocompatibility,
attracts
significant
attention
by
researchers
possesses
promising
application
in
the
fields
tissue
engineering
flexible
devices.
After
years
development,
photocuring
technologies
hydrogel
inks
make
great
progress.
Herein,
techniques
including
direct
ink
writing
(DIW),
stereolithography
(SLA),
digital
light
processing
(DLP),
continuous
liquid
interface
production
(CLIP),
volumetric
additive
manufacturing
(VAM),
two
photon
polymerization
(TPP)
are
reviewed.
Further,
raw
materials
for
(photocurable
polymers,
monomers,
photoinitiators,
additives)
applications
devices
also
At
last,
current
challenges
future
perspectives
hydrogels
discussed.
Gels,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
10(3), С. 187 - 187
Опубликована: Март 8, 2024
The
remarkable
flexibility
and
heightened
sensitivity
of
flexible
sensors
have
drawn
significant
attention,
setting
them
apart
from
traditional
sensor
technology.
Within
this
domain,
hydrogels—3D
crosslinked
networks
hydrophilic
polymers—emerge
as
a
leading
material
for
the
new
generation
sensors,
thanks
to
their
unique
properties.
These
include
structural
versatility,
which
imparts
traits
like
adhesiveness
self-healing
capabilities.
Traditional
templating-based
methods
fall
short
tailor-made
applications
in
crafting
sensors.
In
contrast,
3D
printing
technology
stands
out
with
its
superior
fabrication
precision,
cost-effectiveness,
satisfactory
production
efficiency,
making
it
more
suitable
approach
than
strategies.
This
review
spotlights
latest
hydrogel-based
developed
through
printing.
It
begins
by
categorizing
hydrogels
outlining
various
3D-printing
techniques.
then
focuses
on
range
sensors—including
those
strain,
pressure,
pH,
temperature,
biosensors—detailing
applications.
Furthermore,
explores
sensing
mechanisms
concludes
an
analysis
existing
challenges
prospects
future
research
breakthroughs
field.
Biomaterials,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
310, С. 122624 - 122624
Опубликована: Май 24, 2024
The
proliferation
of
medical
wearables
necessitates
the
development
novel
electrodes
for
cutaneous
electrophysiology.
In
this
work,
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
polystyrene
sulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS)
is
combined
with
a
deep
eutectic
solvent
(DES)
and
polyethylene
glycol
diacrylate
(PEGDA)
to
develop
printable
biocompatible
long-term
electrophysiology
recordings.
impact
printing
parameters
on
conducting
properties,
morphological
characteristics,
mechanical
stability
biocompatibility
material
were
investigated.
optimised
eutectogel
formulations
fabricated
in
four
different
patterns
—flat,
pyramidal,
striped
wavy—
explore
influence
electrode
geometry
skin
conformability
contact.
These
employed
impedance
forearm
EMG
measurements.
Furthermore,
arrays
twenty
embedded
into
textile
used
generate
body
surface
potential
maps
(BSPMs)
forearm,
where
finger
movements
recorded
analysed.
Finally,
BSPMs
three
letters
(B,
I,
O)
sign-language
train
logistic
regressor
classifier
able
reliably
identify
each
letter.
This
fabrication
approach
offers
new
opportunities
electrophysiological
recordings,
online
translation
brain-machine
interfaces.
Polymer Reviews,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown, С. 1 - 65
Опубликована: Ноя. 20, 2024
The
biomedical
industry
has
witnessed
a
transformative
evolution
with
the
advent
of
3D
printing
technology.
However,
inherent
limitations,
such
as
inability
to
produce
dynamic
human
tissues
due
absence
temporal
dimension,
have
persisted,
resulting
in
static
and
inanimate
printed
products.
To
address
this
challenge
enable
creation
living
constructs,
concept
4D
emerged,
marking
paradigm
shift
additive
manufacturing.
In
printing,
time
becomes
fourth
breathing
life
into
previously
creations.
This
review
paper
explores
journey
from
pivotal
role
manufacturing
process.
Specifically,
it
highlights
integration
time-dependent
responsive
materials,
focusing
on
stimuli-responsive
hydrogels,
cornerstone
advancements.
These
materials
exhibit
remarkable
ability
adapt
respond
various
stimuli,
encompassing
physical,
chemical,
biological
signals.
delves
recent
publications
synergy
between
these
stimuli
shedding
light
their
intricate
interactions
potential
applications.
One
primary
areas
interest
lies
medical
applications,
notably
tissue
engineering,
where
holds
immense
promise.
utilization
creating
biomimetic
scaffolds
that
can
dynamically
complex
environments.
Furthermore,
discusses
technical
considerations
prospects
technology,
emphasizing
its
revolutionize
landscape.
amalgamation
opens
new
avenues
for
personalized
medicine,
localized
drug
delivery,
regenerative
therapies,
bridging
gap
requirements
modern
healthcare.
present
offers
complete
examination
evolution,
challenges,
paving
way
innovations
field.
