The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality

Science, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 360(6394), С. 1232 - 1235

Опубликована: Июнь 14, 2018

Nocturnal refuge As the human population grows, there are fewer places for animals to live out their lives independently of our influence. Given mostly diurnal tendencies, one domain that remains less affected by humans is night. Gaynor et al. found across globe and mammalian species—from deer coyotes from tigers wild boar—animals becoming more nocturnal (see Perspective Benítez-López). Human activities all kinds, including nonlethal pastimes such as hiking, seem drive make use hours when we not around. Such changes may provide some relief, but they also have ecosystem-level consequences. Science , this issue p. 1232 ; see 1185

Язык: Английский

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A multispecies occupancy model for two or more interacting species

Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 7(10), С. 1164 - 1173

Опубликована: Июнь 29, 2016

Summary Species occurrence is influenced by environmental conditions and the presence of other species. Current approaches for multispecies occupancy modelling are practically limited to two interacting species often require assumption asymmetric interactions. We propose a model that can accommodate or more generalize single‐species assuming latent state multivariate Bernoulli random variable. probability each potential with both multinomial logit probit present details Gibbs sampler latter. As an example, we co‐occurrence probabilities bobcat ( Lynx rufus ), coyote Canis latrans grey fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus ) red Vulpes vulpes as function human disturbance variables throughout 6 Mid‐Atlantic states in eastern United States. found evidence pairwise interactions among most species, some pairs occupying same site varied along gradients; were independent at sites little disturbance, but these likely occur together high disturbance. Ecological communities composed multiple Our proposed method improves our ability draw inference from such permitting detection/non‐detection data arbitrary number without Additionally, permits variables. These advancements represent important improvement community‐level subject imperfect detection.

Язык: Английский

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Is your ad hoc model selection strategy affecting your multimodel inference?

Ecosphere, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 11(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2020

Abstract Ecologists routinely fit complex models with multiple parameters of interest, where hundreds or more competing are plausible. To limit the number fitted models, ecologists often define a model selection strategy composed series stages in which certain features compared while other held constant. Defining these multi‐stage strategies requires making decisions, may potentially impact inferences, but have not been critically evaluated. We begin by identifying key strategies, introducing descriptive terms when they did already exist literature. Strategies differ how and order building stages. Sequential‐by‐sub‐model focus on one sub‐model (parameter) at time modeling subsequent sub‐models dependent selected structures from previous Secondary candidate set independently combine top each for final stage. Build‐up approaches across increase complexity also is stage whether use null non‐target sub‐models. tested performance different using four data sets three types. For set, we determined "true" distribution AIC weights fitting all plausible models. Then, calculated that would portion weight recovered under strategies. performed poorly. Based our results, recommend build‐up secondary sets, were reliable carrying within 5–10 forward to The structure was less important. Multi‐stage cannot compensate lack critical thought selecting covariates represent priori hypotheses. However, even hypotheses limited, thousands be possible so explore space reliably efficiently will necessary.

Язык: Английский

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Does hunting or hiking affect wildlife communities in protected areas?

Journal of Applied Ecology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 54(1), С. 242 - 252

Опубликована: Июнь 8, 2016

Summary Managed public wild areas have dual mandates to protect biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities for people. These goals could be at odds if recreation, ranging from hiking legal hunting, disrupts wildlife enough alter their space use or community structure. We evaluated the effect of managed hunting recreation on 12 terrestrial species by employing a large citizen science camera trapping survey 1947 sites stratified across different levels human activities in 32 protected forests eastern USA . Habitat covariates, especially amount continuous forest local housing density, were more important than affecting distribution most species. The four hunted (white‐tailed deer, raccoons, grey fox squirrels) commonly detected throughout region, but relatively less so sites. Recreation was coyotes, which used compared with unhunted control areas, did not avoid hikers. Most human‐made trails, many predators positively selected them. Bears bobcats likely people preserves, suggesting that they perceive risk humans differently depending regulations. However, this found heavily species, hunters are broadly creating ‘fear’ effects as would expected apex predators. Synthesis applications Although we measureable some these minor comparison importance habitat covariates associated land fragmentation. patterns suggest present practices regulating region sustainable balance goal protecting populations may facilitated decades animal habituation humans. monitoring approach developed offer long‐term protocol help managers detect where when between has tipped.

Язык: Английский

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Human disturbance has contrasting effects on niche partitioning within carnivore communities

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 95(6), С. 1689 - 1705

Опубликована: Июль 14, 2020

ABSTRACT Among species, coexistence is driven partly by the partitioning of available resources. The mechanisms and competition among species have been a central topic within community ecology, with particular focus on mammalian carnivore research. However, despite growing concern regarding impact humans behaviour very little known about effect interactions. aim this review to establish comprehensive framework for impacts human disturbance three dimensions (spatial, temporal trophic) niche communities subsequent effects both intraguild structure. We conducted systematic literature (246 studies) extracted 46 reported disturbance. found evidence that resource partitioning, either positively or negatively, in all dimensions. repercussions such variations are highly heterogeneous differ according type how landscape and/or availability resources affected. propose theoretical main outcomes structure: ( i ) impedes increasing reducing richness diversity community; ii unbalances competition, affecting stability; iii facilitates decreasing enriching community. call better integration future research interspecific competition.

Язык: Английский

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Framing pictures: A conceptual framework to identify and correct for biases in detection probability of camera traps enabling multi‐species comparison

Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 9(4), С. 2320 - 2336

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2019

Obtaining reliable species observations is of great importance in animal ecology and wildlife conservation. An increasing number studies use camera traps (CTs) to study communities, an effort made make better reuse the large amounts data that are produced. It these circumstances it becomes paramount correct for species- study-specific variation imperfect detection within CTs. We reviewed literature used our own experience compile a list factors affect CT animals. did this conceptual framework six distinct scales separating out influences (a) characteristics, (b) specifications, (c) set-up protocols, (d) environmental variables. identified 40 can potentially influence animals by CTs at scales. Many were related only few overarching parameters. Most characteristics scale with body mass diet type, most differ season or latitude such remote sensing products like NDVI could be as proxy index capture variation. Factors microsite probably important determining The type specific research question will determine which should corrected. Corrections done directly adjusting metric interest using covariates statistical framework. Our design help when analyzing data. Furthermore, provides overview reported them repeatable, comparable, their reusable. This greatly improve possibilities global analyses (reused)

Язык: Английский

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Prey availability and temporal partitioning modulate felid coexistence in Neotropical forests

PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 14(3), С. e0213671 - e0213671

Опубликована: Март 12, 2019

Carnivores have long been used as model organisms to examine mechanisms that allow coexistence among ecologically similar species. Interactions between carnivores, including competition and predation, comprise important processes regulating local community structure diversity. We use data from an intensive camera-trapping monitoring program across eight Neotropical forest sites describe the patterns of spatiotemporal organization a guild five sympatric cat species: jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Puma concolor), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) margay wiedii). For three largest species, we developed multi-stage occupancy models accounting for habitat characteristics (landscape complexity prey availability) species interactions (occupancy estimates potential competitor species). Patterns habitat-use were best explained by availability, rather than or interactions, with no evidence negative associations on occupancy. further explore temporal activity overlap all felid observed moderate jaguar, ocelot, differences in their peaks, whereas higher partitioning was both margay. Lastly, conducted analysis calculated levels study if shifts daily within can be varying pressure. Activity ocelots, jaguarundis margays similarly bimodal sites, but pumas exhibited irregular patterns, most likely response activity. unrelated intraguild killing risk. Our reveals apparent spatial pairs analyzed, abundance being more governing occurrence distribution felids.

Язык: Английский

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Humans and urban development mediate the sympatry of competing carnivores

Urban Ecosystems, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 21(4), С. 765 - 778

Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2018

Язык: Английский

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In the absence of a “landscape of fear”: How lions, hyenas, and cheetahs coexist

Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 6(23), С. 8534 - 8545

Опубликована: Ноя. 6, 2016

Abstract Aggression by top predators can create a “landscape of fear” in which subordinate restrict their activity to low‐risk areas or times day. At large spatial temporal scales, this result the costly loss access resources. However, fine‐scale reactive avoidance may minimize risk aggressive encounters for while maintaining resources, thereby providing mechanism coexistence. We investigated spatiotemporal guild African characterized intense interference competition. Vulnerable food stealing and direct killing, cheetahs are expected avoid both larger predators; hyenas lions. deployed grid 225 camera traps across 1,125 km 2 Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, evaluate concurrent patterns habitat use lions, hyenas, cheetahs, primary prey. used hurdle models whether smaller species avoided preferred species, we time‐to‐event hours immediately surrounding predator activity. found no evidence long‐term displacement even at fine scales. Instead, were positively associated with lions except exceptionally high lion use. Hyenas appeared actively track each, appear maintain sites avoiding those just following Our results suggest that able patches on moment‐to‐moment basis. Such is likely be less than areas: This help explain why coexist despite rates lion‐inflicted mortality, highlights as general

Язык: Английский

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A Two-Species Occupancy Model with a Continuous-Time Detection Process Reveals Spatial and Temporal Interactions

Journal of Agricultural Biological and Environmental Statistics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 27(2), С. 321 - 338

Опубликована: Янв. 7, 2022

Язык: Английский

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