BioScience,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
70(9), С. 772 - 793
Опубликована: Июль 7, 2020
Abstract
Urbanization
is
changing
Earth's
ecosystems
by
altering
the
interactions
and
feedbacks
between
fundamental
ecological
evolutionary
processes
that
maintain
life.
Humans
in
cities
alter
eco-evolutionary
play
simultaneously
both
actors
stage
on
which
takes
place.
modifies
land
surfaces,
microclimates,
habitat
connectivity,
networks,
food
webs,
species
diversity,
composition.
These
environmental
changes
can
lead
to
phenotypic,
genetic,
cultural
makeup
of
wild
populations
have
important
consequences
for
ecosystem
function
essential
services
nature
provides
human
society,
such
as
nutrient
cycling,
pollination,
seed
dispersal,
production,
water
air
purification.
Understanding
monitoring
urbanization-induced
inform
strategies
achieve
sustainability.
In
present
article,
we
propose
understanding
these
dynamics
requires
rigorous
characterization
urbanizing
regions
rapidly
evolving,
tightly
coupled
human–natural
systems.
We
explore
how
emergent
properties
urbanization
affect
across
space
time.
identify
five
key
urban
drivers
change—habitat
modification,
heterogeneity,
novel
disturbances,
biotic
interactions—and
highlight
direct
urbanization-driven
change
nature's
contributions
people.
Then,
emerging
complexities—landscape
complexity,
discontinuities,
socio-ecological
cross-scale
interactions,
legacies
time
lags—that
need
be
tackled
future
research.
evolving
metacommunity
concept
a
powerful
framework
study
dynamics.
Conservation Biology,
Год журнала:
2015,
Номер
29(3), С. 618 - 629
Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2015
Most
conservation
planning
to
date
has
focused
on
protecting
today's
biodiversity
with
the
assumption
that
it
will
be
tomorrow's
biodiversity.
However,
modern
climate
change
already
resulted
in
distributional
shifts
of
some
species
and
is
projected
result
many
more
coming
decades.
As
redistribute
biotic
communities
reorganize,
plans
based
current
patterns
may
fail
adequately
protect
future.
One
approach
for
addressing
this
issue
focus
conserving
a
range
abiotic
conditions
conservation-planning
process.
By
doing
so,
possible
conserve
an
abiotically
diverse
"stage"
upon
which
evolution
play
out
support
actors
(biodiversity).
We
reviewed
fundamental
underpinnings
concept
stage,
starting
early
observations
von
Humboldt,
who
mapped
concordance
vegetation,
progressing
ecological
niche.
discuss
challenges
posed
by
issues
spatial
temporal
scale,
role
drivers
distributions,
latitudinal
topographic
variation
relationships
between
landform.
For
example,
are
not
static,
but
through
time-albeit
at
different
often
relatively
slow
rates.
In
places,
interactions
substantial
structuring
biodiversity,
meaning
less
tightly
linked
stage.
Furthermore,
can
latitude
position,
stage
need
defined
differently
places.
conclude
diversity
likely
best
into
future
places
where
distributions
strong
relative
drivers,
settings
conserved
time,
connectivity
allows
movement
among
areas
providing
conditions.
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
95(1), С. 82 - 112
Опубликована: Ноя. 4, 2021
AbstractTrade-offs
and
constraints
are
inherent
to
life,
studies
of
these
phenomena
play
a
central
role
in
both
organismal
evolutionary
biology.
Trade-offs
can
be
defined,
categorized,
studied
at
least
six,
not
mutually
exclusive,
ways.
(1)
Allocation
caused
by
limited
resource
(e.g.,
energy,
time,
space,
essential
nutrients),
such
that
increasing
allocation
one
component
necessarily
requires
decrease
another
(if
only
two
components
involved,
this
is
referred
as
the
Y-model,
e.g.,
energy
devoted
size
versus
number
offspring).
(2)
Functional
conflicts
occur
when
features
enhance
performance
task
relative
lengths
in-levers
out-levers,
force-velocity
trade-offs
related
muscle
fiber
type
composition).
(3)
Shared
biochemical
pathways,
often
involving
integrator
molecules
hormones,
neurotransmitters,
transcription
factors),
simultaneously
affect
multiple
traits,
with
some
effects
being
beneficial
for
or
more
Darwinian
fitness
survival,
age
first
reproduction,
fecundity)
others
detrimental.
(4)
Antagonistic
pleiotropy
describes
genetic
variants
increase
(or
lower-level
trait)
while
decreasing
another.
(5)
Ecological
circumstances
selective
regime)
may
impose
trade-offs,
foraging
behavior
increases
availability
yet
also
decreases
survival.
(6)
Sexual
selection
lead
elaboration
(usually
male)
secondary
sexual
characters
improve
mating
success
but
handicap
survival
and/or
energetic
costs
reduce
other
components.
Empirical
search
negative
correlations
between
traits
expected
outcomes
will
generally
inadequate
if
than
involved
especially
complex
physiological
networks
interacting
traits.
Moreover,
populations
experiencing
harsh
environmental
conditions
challenges
extremes
phenotypic
distributions,
among
individuals
species
have
exceptional
athletic
abilities.
(partially)
circumvented
through
various
compensatory
mechanisms,
depending
on
timescale
ranging
from
acute
evolutionary.
Going
forward,
pluralistic
view
constraints,
combined
integrative
analyses
cross
levels
biological
organization
traditional
boundaries
disciplines,
study
Palaeontology,
Год журнала:
2007,
Номер
50(1), С. 1 - 22
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2007
Abstract:
All
possible
combinations
of
six
tiering
positions
in
relation
to
the
substratum/water
interface,
motility
levels
and
feeding
strategies
define
a
complete
theoretical
ecospace
216
potential
modes
life
for
marine
animals.
The
number
actually
utilized
specifies
realized
ecospace.
Owing
constraints
effectiveness
efficiency
modern
fauna
utilizes
only
about
half
life,
two‐thirds
which
(62
92)
are
by
animals
with
readily
preserved,
mineralized
hard
parts.
Realized
has
increased
markedly
since
early
evolution
animal
ecosystems.
Ediacaran
at
most
12
just
two
practised
skeletal
organisms.
A
total
30
recorded
Early
Middle
Cambrian,
19
were
other
11
documented
from
soft‐bodied
preserved
Chengjiang
Burgess
Shale
Konservat‐Lagerstätten.
organisms
more
than
50
per
cent
during
Ordovician
radiation
Late
30.
Between
Recent
doubled
again.
autecological
taxonomic
diversity
histories
metazoa
appear
be
broadly
parallel,
future
studies
utilization
should
provide
detailed
tests
pattern
process
ecological
history
metazoa.
Evolutionary Applications,
Год журнала:
2010,
Номер
3(5-6), С. 473 - 479
Опубликована: Июль 14, 2010
Evolutionary
theory
can
be
applied
to
improve
agricultural
yields
and/or
sustainability,
an
approach
we
call
Agroecology.
The
basic
idea
is
that
plant
breeding
unlikely
attributes
already
favored
by
millions
of
years
natural
selection,
whereas
there
may
unutilized
potential
in
selecting
for
increase
total
crop
yield
but
reduce
plants'
individual
fitness.
In
other
words,
should
based
on
group
selection.
We
explore
this
relation
crop-weed
competition,
and
argue
it
possible
develop
high
density
cereals
utilize
their
initial
size
advantage
over
weeds
suppress
them
much
better
than
under
current
practices,
thus
reducing
or
eliminating
the
need
chemical
mechanical
weed
control.
emphasize
role
applying
selection
crops:
competition
among
individuals
generates
'Tragedy
Commons',
providing
opportunities
production
would
not
favor.
When
light,
favors
a
defensive
strategy
'shade
avoidance',
collective,
offensive
'shading'
could
suppression
density,
uniformity
cropping
systems
envision.
Limnology and Oceanography,
Год журнала:
1990,
Номер
35(1), С. 16 - 23
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 1990
Size-selective
feeding
of
four
Brachionus
strains
was
studied
with
three
experimental
setups:
selection
between
polystyrene
spheres
different
sizes
in
short-term
(10
min)
experiments,
pairs
dual-labeled
algal
taxa
and
among
long-term
(24
h)
experiments.
Food
size
preferences
were
related
to
body
but
not
within
one
strain
(Brachionus
calyciflorus).
angularis
preferred
food
items
<5-µm
equivalent
spherical
diameter
(ESD),
rubens
F
fed
most
efficiently
on
particles
∼5-µm
ESD,
B.
calyciflorus
∼10-µm
ESD.
B
ingested
from
3.5-
12-µm
ESD
equally
well.
Apart
particle
effects,
unselective.
Polystyrene
the
appropriate
readily.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Год журнала:
2011,
Номер
367(1586), С. 181 - 190
Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2011
The
world
is
changing
at
an
unprecedented
rate.
In
such
a
situation,
we
need
to
understand
the
nature
of
change
and
make
predictions
about
way
in
which
it
might
affect
systems
interest;
often
may
also
wish
what
be
done
mitigate
predicted
effects.
ecology,
usually
(or
forecasts)
by
making
use
mathematical
models
that
describe
system
projecting
them
into
future,
under
changed
conditions.
Approaches
emphasizing
desirability
simple
with
analytical
tractability
those
assumed
causal
relationships
derived
statistically
from
data
currently
dominate
ecological
modelling.
Although
are
excellent
describing
has
behaved,
they
poor
predicting
its
future
state,
especially
novel
order
address
questions
impact
environmental
change,
what,
if
any,
action
taken
ameliorate
it,
ecologists
develop
ability
project
novel,
This
will
require
development
based
on
understanding
processes
result
behaving
does,
rather
than
relying
description
system,
as
whole,
remaining
valid
indefinitely.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Год журнала:
2016,
Номер
372(1712), С. 20160039 - 20160039
Опубликована: Дек. 6, 2016
The
legacy
of
the
use
and
misuse
antibiotics
in
recent
decades
has
left
us
with
a
global
public
health
crisis:
antibiotic-resistant
bacteria
are
on
rise,
making
it
harder
to
treat
infections.
At
same
time,
evolution
antibiotic
resistance
is
probably
best-documented
case
contemporary
evolution.
To
date,
research
largely
ignored
complexity
interactions
that
engage
in.
However,
natural
populations,
interact
other
species;
for
example,
competition
grazing
import
influencing
bacterial
population
dynamics.
Furthermore,
leakage
environments
can
radically
alter
communities.
Overall,
we
argue
eco-evolutionary
feedback
loops
microbial
communities
be
modified
by
residual
resistance.
aim
this
review
connect
some
well-established
key
concepts
evolutionary
biology
advances
study
dynamics
We
also
identify
knowledge
gaps
related
resistance,
technical
advantages
molecular
microbiology
offer
new
opportunities
tackling
these
questions.
Finally,
using
full
potential
theory
active
communication
across
different
fields
needed
solving
crisis
more
efficiently.
This
article
part
themed
issue
‘Human
influences
evolution,
ecological
societal
consequences'.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
280(1771), С. 20131452 - 20131452
Опубликована: Окт. 2, 2013
Human
societies,
and
their
well-being,
depend
to
a
significant
extent
on
the
state
of
ecosystems
that
surround
them.
These
are
changing
rapidly
usually
in
response
anthropogenic
changes
environment.
To
determine
likely
impact
environmental
change
best
ways
manage
them,
it
would
be
desirable
able
predict
future
states.
We
present
proposal
develop
paradigm
predictive
systems
ecology,
explicitly
understand
properties
behaviour
ecological
systems.
discuss
necessary
features
ecology
models.
There
places
where
is
already
being
practised
we
summarize
range
terrestrial
marine
examples.
Significant
challenges
remain
but
suggest
benefit
both
as
scientific
discipline
increase
its
society
if
were
embrace
need
become
more
predictive.
Paleobiology,
Год журнала:
2007,
Номер
33(1), С. 76 - 97
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2007
We
present
a
new
three-dimensional
theoretical
ecospace
for
the
ecological
classification
of
marine
animals
based
on
vertical
tiering,
motility
level,
and
feeding
mechanism.
In
this
context,
analyses
database
level-bottom
fossil
assemblages
with
abundance
counts
demonstrate
fundamental
changes
in
animal
ecosystems
between
mid-Paleozoic
(461–359
Ma)
late
Cenozoic
(23–0.01
Ma).
The
average
local
relative
infaunal
burrowers,
facultatively
motile
animals,
predators
increased,
whereas
surface
dwellers
completely
non-motile
decreased
abundance.
Considering
motility,
together,
more
modes
life
had
high
to
moderate
than
Paleozoic.
These
results
are
robust
biasing
effects
aragonite
dissolution
Paleozoic
sediments
heterogeneities
latitudinal
environmental
distributions
collections.
Theoretical
provides
unified
system
future
utilization
ecologic
opportunities
by
metazoa.