Human Reproduction Update,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
26(4), С. 586 - 602
Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2020
The
endocannabinoid
system
(ECS)
consists
of
the
cannabinoid
receptors
CB1
and
CB2,
main
endocannabinoids
anandamide
(AEA)
2-arachidonoylglycerol
(2-AG)
their
metabolic
enzymes
N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific
phospholipase
D,
fatty
acid
amide
hydrolase,
diacylglycerol
lipase
monoacylglycerol
lipase.
This
is
involved
in
modulation
essential
physiological
processes.
Its
role
reproductive
has
become
significantly
important
recent
years,
given
its
major
events
such
as
gametogenesis,
decidualisation,
implantation
placentation.In
this
paper,
we
review
literature
summarize
ECS
elements
reproduction
potential
early
markers
for
diagnosis
disorders
or
pharmacological
targets
treatment.Original
research
papers
published
from
1964
to
June
2019
were
selected
terms
relevance,
reliability
quality
by
searching
PubMed,
MEDLINE
Web
Science,
using
following
search
terms:
endometriosis;
ectopic
pregnancy;
miscarriage;
pre-eclampsia;
endometrial
cancer;
reproduction;
endocannabinoid,
endometrium;
placenta;
N-acylethanolamines;
anandamide;
2-arachidonoylglycerol;
cannabinoids.This
demonstrates
relevant
information
concerning
alterations
endometriosis,
pregnancy,
miscarriage,
pre-eclampsia
cancer.
We
highlight
importance
placental
physiology
pathophysiology,
studies
vitro
vivo
clinical
observations.
most
studied
endogenous
cannabinoids
AEA.
levels
AEA
increased
plasma
patients
with
endometriosis
well
fallopian
tube
women
pregnancy
biopsies
Changes
pattern
expression
receptor
also
observed
decidua
pre-eclamptic
placenta.
Moreover,
CB2
have
been
reported
association
In
general,
on
signalling
through
biological
activities
other
namely
2-AG,
are
scarce
avidly
required.The
pathophysiological
mechanisms
described
pathologies
still
unclear
lack
means
an
diagnosis.
Based
current
evidence,
though
demonstrated
at
tissue
level,
it
difficult
associate
plasmatic
changes
specific
diseases.
Thus,
pairing
2-AG
and/or
endocannabinoid-like
molecules
may
provide
more
accurate
diagnoses.
addition,
benefit
new
therapies
that
target
signalling.
Pharmaceutics,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
13(1), С. 122 - 122
Опубликована: Янв. 19, 2021
Since
the
2013
Nobel
Prize
was
awarded
for
discovery
of
vesicle
trafficking,
a
subgroup
nanovesicles
called
exosomes
has
been
driving
research
field
to
new
regime
understanding
cellular
communication.
This
exosome-dominated
traffic
control
system
increased
many
diseases,
including
cancer
metastasis,
diabetes,
and
HIV.
In
addition
important
diagnostic
role,
are
particularly
attractive
drug
delivery,
due
their
distinctive
properties
in
information
transfer
uptake.
Compared
viral
non-viral
synthetic
systems,
natural,
cell-derived
exhibit
intrinsic
payload
bioavailability.
Most
importantly,
easily
cross
biological
barriers,
obstacles
that
continue
challenge
other
delivery
nanoparticle
systems.
Recent
emerging
studies
have
shown
numerous
critical
roles
blood–brain
barrier
(BBB),
blood–cerebrospinal
fluid
(BCSFB),
blood–lymph
(BlyB),
blood–air
(BAB),
stromal
(SB),
blood–labyrinth
(BLaB),
blood–retinal
(BRB),
placental
(PB),
which
opens
exciting
possibilities
using
as
platform.
However,
systematic
reviews
summarizing
such
discoveries
still
limited.
review
covers
state-of-the-art
exosome
on
crossing
several
barriers
with
focus
current,
accepted
models
used
explain
mechanisms
crossing,
tight
junctions.
The
potential
design
engineer
enhance
efficacy,
leading
future
applications
precision
medicine
immunotherapy,
is
discussed.
Cell Reports,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
33(8), С. 108419 - 108419
Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2020
Human
trophoblast
stem
cells
(hTSCs)
derived
from
blastocysts
and
first-trimester
cytotrophoblasts
offer
an
unprecedented
opportunity
to
study
the
placenta.
However,
access
human
embryos
placentas
is
limited,
thus
preventing
establishment
of
hTSCs
diverse
genetic
backgrounds
associated
with
placental
disorders.
Here,
we
show
that
can
be
generated
numerous
using
post-natal
via
two
alternative
methods:
(1)
somatic
cell
reprogramming
adult
fibroblasts
OCT4,
SOX2,
KLF4,
MYC
(OSKM)
(2)
fate
conversion
naive
extended
pluripotent
cells.
The
resulting
induced/converted
recapitulated
hallmarks
including
long-term
self-renewal,
expression
specific
transcription
factors,
transcriptomic
signature,
potential
differentiate
into
syncytiotrophoblast
extravillous
We
also
clarified
developmental
stage
these
resemble
day
8
cytotrophoblasts.
Altogether,
hTSC
lines
origins
open
possibility
model
both
development
diseases
in
a
dish.
Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
131, С. 66 - 77
Опубликована: Апрель 4, 2022
The
placenta
is
a
transient
fetal
organ
that
plays
critical
role
in
the
health
and
wellbeing
of
both
fetus
its
mother.
Functionally,
sustains
growth
as
it
facilitates
delivery
oxygen
nutrients
removal
waste
products.
Not
surprisingly,
defective
early
placental
development
primary
cause
common
disorders
pregnancy,
including
recurrent
miscarriage,
restriction,
pre-eclampsia
stillbirth.
Adverse
pregnancy
conditions
will
also
affect
life-long
via
developmental
programming[1].
Despite
importance
reproductive
success
health,
our
understanding
not
extensive,
largely
due
to
ethical
limitations
studying
or
chronological
development,
lack
long-term
vitro
models,
comparative
animal
models.
In
this
review,
we
examine
current
knowledge
human
discuss
maternal
endometrium
fetal-maternal
dialogue
success,
explore
latest
models
trophoblast
endometrial
stem
cells.
addition,
formation
function,
how
nutrient
mediated
during
periods
histotrophic
nutrition
(uptake
uterine
secretions)
haemotrophic
(exchange
between
circulations),
endocrine
function
development.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
12
Опубликована: Авг. 26, 2021
Pregnancy
is
a
unique
type
of
immunological
process.
Healthy
pregnancy
associated
with
series
inflammatory
events:
implantation
(inflammation),
gestation
(anti-inflammation),
and
parturition
(inflammation).
As
the
most
abundant
leukocytes
during
pregnancy,
natural
killer
(NK)
cells
are
recruited
activated
by
ovarian
hormones
have
pivotal
roles
throughout
pregnancy.
During
first
trimester,
NK
represent
up
to
50-70%
decidua
lymphocytes.
Differently
from
peripheral-blood
cells,
decidual
(dNK)
poorly
cytolytic,
they
release
cytokines/chemokines
that
induce
trophoblast
invasion,
tissue
remodeling,
embryonic
development,
placentation.
can
also
shift
cytotoxic
identity
carry
out
immune
defense
if
infected
in
utero
pathogens.
At
late
gestation,
premature
activation
lead
breakdown
tolerance
maternal-fetal
interface
and,
subsequently,
result
preterm
birth.
This
review
focused
on
role
dNK
normal
pathological
including
preeclampsia,
recurrent
spontaneous
abortion,
endometriosis,
failure.
could
be
targets
for
treatment
complications.
The
ability
to
study
human
post-implantation
development
remains
limited
owing
ethical
and
technical
challenges
associated
with
intrauterine
after
implantation1.
Embryo-like
models
spatially
organized
morphogenesis
structure
of
all
defining
embryonic
extra-embryonic
tissues
the
conceptus
(that
is,
disc,
bilaminar
yolk
sac,
chorionic
sac
surrounding
trophoblast
layer)
remain
lacking1,2.
Mouse
naive
stem
cells
have
recently
been
shown
give
rise
capable
self-assembling
into
post-gastrulation
structured
stem-cell-based
embryo
(called
SEMs)3.
Here
we
extend
those
findings
humans
using
only
genetically
unmodified
(cultured
in
enhanced
cell
medium
conditions)4.
Such
fully
integrated
complete
SEMs
recapitulate
organization
nearly
known
lineages
compartments
embryos,
including
epiblast,
hypoblast,
mesoderm
layer
latter
compartments.
These
demonstrated
developmental
growth
dynamics
that
resemble
key
hallmarks
stage
embryogenesis
up
13-14
days
fertilization
(Carnegie
6a).
include
disc
formation,
epiblast
lumenogenesis,
polarized
amniogenesis,
anterior-posterior
symmetry
breaking,
primordial
germ-cell
specification,
visceral
parietal
endoderm
expansion
defines
a
cavity
connecting
stalk,
trophoblast-surrounding
compartment
demonstrating
syncytium
lacunae
formation.
This
SEM
platform
will
probably
enable
experimental
investigation
previously
inaccessible
windows
early
post
implantation
peri-gastrulation
development.
