Chapter
1General
introduction
endothelial
cell
damage
27,29,47,57
.When
modelling
or
inflammatory
responses,
standard
read-outs
are
fluorescent
staining
of
markers.However,
this
does
not
show
the
functional
differences
in
blood
vessel
such
as
monocyte
adhesion
and
thrombus
formation
which
will
make
them
more
physiologically
relevant
can
assist
assessing
patient
specific
responses.Furthermore,
demand
for
standardized
quantifiable
is
rising
58
.Some
BVoC
models
with
perfusion
assays
already
existence
[59][60][61][62][63][64]
,
however
standardization,
quantification
read-outs,
systematically
setting
up
co-cultures
these
needs
to
be
optimized,
making
measurements
translatable
comparable
58,[65][66][67]
.Current
often
use
fluorescently
labelled
markers
an
end-point
microscopic
measurement
62,68,69
.Thrombus
development
BVoCs
difficult
observe
real
time
using
assays,
furthermore,
images
give
a
2D
view
thrombus.Therefore
non-invasive
method
measuring
clot
over
time,
multiple
dimensions,
addition
understanding
clotting
mechanisms
70,71
.Many
challenges
remain
creating
models,
vascular
disease
modelling,
include
types
possibility
read-outs.This
thesis
aims
contribute
field
by
presenting
new
chip
designs,
methods
co-culturing
cells,
quantifyable
read-outs.
Thesis
outlineThis
presents
research
towards
modelling.Using
different
designs
types,
we
ability
create
several
vessel-on-chip
(VoC)
and/or
organs
read-outs.Chapter
2
consists
two
parts.The
first
part
describes
importance
early
involvement
stakeholders
OoCs.It
shows
stakeholder
opinions,
overcome
process.The
next
summarizes
VoC
currently
used.Next
that
discuss
possibilities
vivo
vitro
where
VoCs
still
lacking.
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
13(6), С. 2483 - 2509
Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2023
New
drug
discovery
is
under
growing
pressure
to
satisfy
the
demand
from
a
wide
range
of
domains,
especially
pharmaceutical
industry
and
healthcare
services.
Assessment
efficacy
safety
prior
human
clinical
trials
crucial
part
development,
which
deserves
greater
emphasis
reduce
cost
time
in
discovery.
Recent
advances
microfabrication
tissue
engineering
have
given
rise
organ-on-a-chip,
an
Frontiers in Pharmacology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14
Опубликована: Апрель 25, 2023
The
inefficiency
of
existing
animal
models
to
precisely
predict
human
pharmacological
effects
is
the
root
reason
for
drug
development
failure.
Microphysiological
system/organ-on-a-chip
technology
(organ-on-a-chip
platform)
a
microfluidic
device
cultured
with
living
cells
under
specific
organ
shear
stress
which
can
faithfully
replicate
organ-body
level
pathophysiology.
This
emerging
organ-on-chip
platform
be
remarkable
alternative
broad
range
purposes
in
testing
and
precision
medicine.
Here,
we
review
parameters
employed
using
on
chip
as
plot
mimic
diseases,
genetic
disorders,
toxicity
different
organs,
biomarker
identification,
discoveries.
Additionally,
address
current
challenges
that
should
overcome
accepted
by
regulatory
agencies
pharmaceutical
industries.
Moreover,
highlight
future
direction
enhancing
accelerating
discoveries
personalized
In
drug
development,
conventional
preclinical
and
clinical
testing
stages
rely
on
cell
cultures
animal
experiments,
but
these
methods
may
fall
short
of
fully
representing
human
biology.
To
overcome
this
limitation,
the
emergence
organ-on-a-chip
(OOC)
technology
has
sparked
interest
as
a
transformative
approach
in
research.
By
closely
replicating
organ
responses
to
external
signals,
OOC
devices
hold
immense
potential
revolutionizing
efficacy
safety
predictions.
This
review
focuses
advancements,
applications,
prospects
testing.
Based
latest
advances
field
systems
their
reflects
effectiveness
replacing
volunteers
certain
studies.
underscores
critical
role
transforming
methodologies.
Abstract
In
the
past
few
years,
emergence
of
organoids
and
organ-on-a-chip
(OOAC)
technologies,
which
are
complementary
to
animal
models
two-dimensional
cell
culture
methods
can
better
simulate
internal
environment
human
body,
provides
a
new
platform
for
traditional
Chinese
medicine
(TCM)
studies.
Organoids
OOAC
techniques
have
been
increasingly
applied
in
fields
drug
screening,
assessment
development,
personalized
therapies,
developmental
biology,
there
some
application
cases
TCM
this
review,
we
summarized
current
status
using
organoid
technologies
research
provide
key
insights
future
study.
It
is
believed
that
will
play
more
important
roles
make
greater
contributions
innovative
development
TCM.
Circulation Research,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
136(11), С. 1476 - 1493
Опубликована: Май 22, 2025
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic
syndrome
is
a
progressive
disorder
driven
by
perturbed
interorgan
crosstalk
among
adipose,
liver,
kidney,
and
heart,
leading
to
multiorgan
dysfunction.
Capturing
the
complexity
of
human
cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic
pathophysiology
using
conventional
models
has
been
challenging.
Multi-organ-on-a-chip
platforms
offer
versatile
means
study
underlying
signaling
at
different
stages
bolster
clinical
translation.
Fundamental Research,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2024
The
limitations
of
conventional
animal
tests
and
two-dimensional
cell
culture
hinder
their
advancement
in
fundamental
research
clinical/translational
applications.
As
an
emerging
alternative
technology,
organ-on-a-chip
serves
as
a
platform
that
faithfully
simulates
the
key
phenotypical,
physiological,
functional
features
human
tissues/organs
through
accurate
regulation
parameters
such
physical
biochemical
microenvironment,
well
cellular
patterns.
In
this
review,
we
mainly
introduce
recent
progress
field,
including
lung,
gut,
heart,
liver,
vasculature
multiorgan
studies.
Furthermore,
highlight
potential
applications
drug
screening
personalized
medicine.
Finally,
conclude
by
addressing
current
challenges
future
perspective
technology
commercialization
organ-on-chips.
We
anticipate
development
will
revolutionize
studies
on
biology
medicine
providing
new
understanding
mechanisms
diseases
insights
into
clinical
therapeutics.
Advanced Healthcare Materials,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
13(29)
Опубликована: Авг. 17, 2024
Abstract
Chronic
kidney
disease
(CKD)
leads
to
a
gradual
loss
of
function,
with
fibrosis
as
pathological
endpoint,
which
is
characterized
by
extracellular
matrix
(ECM)
deposition
and
remodeling.
Traditionally,
in
vivo
models
are
used
study
interstitial
fibrosis,
through
histological
characterization
biopsy
tissue.
However,
ethical
considerations
the
3Rs
(replacement,
reduction,
refinement)
regulations
emphasizes
need
for
humanized
3D
vitro
models.
This
introduces
bioprinted
model
combines
primary
human
cells
decellularized
partially
digested
(ddECM).
A
protocol
was
established
decellularize
pig
tissue
ddECM
encapsulate
renal
cells.
To
investigate
progression,
were
treated
transforming
growth
factor
beta
1
(TGF‐β1),
mechanical
properties
hydrogel
modulated
using
vitamin
B2
crosslinking.
The
bioprinting
perfusable
replicates
tubulointerstitium.
Results
show
an
increased
Young's
modulus
over
time,
together
increase
ECM
components
cell
dedifferentiation
toward
myofibroblasts.
Multiple
fibrotic
genes
resulted
upregulated,
closely
resembled
terms
collagen
deposition.
offers
more
physiologically
relevant
platform
studying
potentially
improving
progression
research
high‐throughput
drug
screening.
Abstract
Organ‐On‐a‐Chip
(OOC)
is
a
multichannel
3D‐microfluidic
cell‐culture
system
incorporated
in
chip
that
simulates
the
behavior
of
an
organ.
This
technology
relies
on
multidisciplinary
science
benefits
from
and
contributes
progress
many
fields
including
microbiology,
microfluidics,
biomaterials,
bioengineering.
review
article
summarizes
achievements
various
organ‐on‐chip
technologies.
It
highlights
significant
advantages
this
terms
reducing
animal
testing
providing
personalized
medical
responses.
In
addition,
paper
demonstrates
how
OOC
becoming
promising
powerful
tool
pharmaceutical
research
to
combat
diseases.
predicts
not
only
effects
drugs
target
organs
but
also,
using
body‐on‐a‐chip
systems,
it
may
provide
insights
into
side
drug
delivery
other
organs.
Likewise,
models
used
for
construction
organ‐on‐a‐chip
devices
are
investigated
along
with
design
materials
microfluidic
devices.
For
each
OOC,
integrated
monitoring
within
chips
(e.
g.,
sensors
biosensors)
discussed.
We
also
discuss
evolution
FDA
regulations
potential
near
future
integrating
OOCs
protocols
support
reduce
need
failure
rates
preclinical
clinical
studies.
Advanced Healthcare Materials,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Фев. 5, 2025
Abstract
Chronic
kidney
disease
(CKD)
affects
over
10%
of
the
global
population
and
is
a
leading
cause
mortality.
Kidney
fibrosis,
key
endpoint
CKD,
disrupts
nephron
tubule
anatomy
filtration
function,
pathomechanisms
are
not
fully
understood.
fibrosis
currently
investigated
with
in
vivo
models,
that
gradually
support
identification
possible
mechanisms
but
limited
translational
research,
as
they
do
recapitulate
human
physiology,
metabolism,
molecular
pathways.
In
vitro
2D
cell
culture
models
used,
starting
point
modeling
pharmacology,
however,
lack
3D
architecture
complexity
functions.
The
failure
several
therapies
drugs
clinical
trials
highlights
urgent
need
for
advanced
models.
This
review
discusses
urinary
system's
anatomy,
associated
diseases,
diagnostic
methods,
including
biomarker
analysis
tissue
biopsy.
It
evaluates
highlighting
their
limitations.
explores
state‐of‐the‐art
3D‐humanized
such
aggregates,
on‐chip
biofabrication
techniques,
hybrid
which
aim
to
mimic
morphogenesis
These
hold
promise
translating
new
into
clinics.