Annals of Medicine,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
57(1)
Опубликована: Март 4, 2025
It
is
now
understood
that
iron
crosses
the
blood-brain
barrier
via
a
complex
metabolic
regulatory
network
and
participates
in
diverse
critical
biological
processes
within
central
nervous
system,
including
oxygen
transport,
energy
metabolism,
synthesis
catabolism
of
myelin
neurotransmitters.
During
brain
development,
distributed
throughout
brain,
playing
pivotal
role
key
such
as
neuronal
myelination,
neurotransmitter
synthesis.
In
physiological
aging,
can
selectively
accumulate
specific
regions,
impacting
cognitive
function
leading
to
intracellular
redox
imbalance,
mitochondrial
dysfunction,
lipid
peroxidation,
thereby
accelerating
aging
associated
pathologies.
Furthermore,
accumulation
may
be
primary
contributor
neurodegenerative
diseases
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's
diseases.
Comprehending
diseases,
utilizing
iron-sensitive
Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging
(MRI)
technology
for
timely
detection
or
prediction
abnormal
neurological
states,
implementing
appropriate
interventions
instrumental
preserving
normal
system
function.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(9), С. 8305 - 8305
Опубликована: Май 5, 2023
The
melanin
pigments
eumelanin
(EM)
and
pheomelanin
(PM),
which
are
dark
brown
to
black
yellow
reddish-brown,
respectively,
widely
found
among
vertebrates.
They
produced
in
melanocytes
the
epidermis,
hair
follicles,
choroid,
iris,
inner
ear,
other
tissues.
diversity
of
colors
animals
is
mainly
caused
by
quantity
quality
their
melanin,
such
as
ratios
EM
versus
PM.
We
have
developed
micro-analytical
methods
simultaneously
measure
PM
used
these
study
biochemical
genetic
fundamentals
pigmentation.
photoreactivity
has
become
a
major
focus
research
because
postulated
relevance
for
risk
UVA-induced
melanoma.
Our
application
many
clinical
studies
on
conditions
associated
with
alterations
Recently,
besides
chemical
degradative
methods,
been
characterization
also
discussed
here.
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
21(1)
Опубликована: Июнь 19, 2024
Abstract
A
significant
decrease
in
estrogen
levels
puts
menopausal
women
at
high
risk
for
major
depression,
which
remains
difficult
to
cure
despite
its
relatively
clear
etiology.
With
the
discovery
of
abnormally
elevated
inflammation
depressed
women,
immune
imbalance
has
become
a
novel
focus
study
depression.
In
this
paper,
we
examined
characteristics
and
possible
mechanisms
caused
by
decreased
during
menopause
found
that
deficiency
disrupted
homeostasis,
especially
inflammatory
cytokines
through
ERα/ERβ/GPER-associated
NLRP3/NF-κB
signaling
pathways.
We
also
analyzed
destruction
blood-brain
barrier,
dysfunction
neurotransmitters,
blockade
BDNF
synthesis,
attenuation
neuroplasticity
cytokine
activity,
investigated
estrogen-immuno-neuromodulation
disorders
Current
research
suggests
drugs
targeting
molecules
are
promising
restoring
homeostasis
system
may
play
positive
role
intervention
treatment
Fish & Shellfish Immunology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
148, С. 109523 - 109523
Опубликована: Март 24, 2024
Melanin
and
the
process
of
melanin
synthesis
or
melanogenesis
have
central
roles
in
immune
system
insects,
production
melanin-synthesizing
enzymes
from
their
haemocytes
may
be
induced
following
activation
through
danger
signals.
Melanin-containing
macrophage-like
cells
been
extensively
studied
amphibians
they
are
also
present
reptiles.
In
fish,
melano-macrophages
especially
recognized
with
respect
to
melano-macrophage
centres
(MMCs),
hypothesized
analogues
germinal
secondary
lymphoid
organs
mammals
some
birds.
Melano-macrophages
addition
several
inflammatory
conditions,
particular
melanised
focal
changes,
black
spots,
musculature
farmed
Atlantic
salmon,
Salmo
salar.
Melanins
complex
compounds
that
divided
into
different
forms
which
all
ability
absorb
scatter
light.
Other
functions
include
quenching
free
radicals
a
direct
effect
on
system.
According
common
view
held
pigment
cell
community,
vertebrate
melanosome
formation
only
occur
ectodermal
origin.
However,
abundant
information
suggests
myeloid
ectothermic
vertebrates
classified
as
melanocytes.
Here,
we
discuss
these
opposing
views
review
relevant
literature.
Finally,
current
status
research
concerning
muscle
changes
represent
most
severe
quality
problem
Norwegian
salmon
production,
but
other
diseases
where
play
important
roles.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(4), С. 2009 - 2009
Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2024
The
core
pathological
event
in
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD)
is
the
specific
dying
of
dopamine
(DA)
neurons
substantia
nigra
pars
compacta
(SNc).
reasons
why
SNc
DA
are
especially
vulnerable
and
idiopathic
PD
has
only
been
found
humans
still
puzzling.
two
main
underlying
factors
neuron
vulnerability
appear
related
to
high
production,
namely
(i)
toxic
effects
cytoplasmic
metabolism
(ii)
continuous
cytosolic
Ca2+
oscillations
absence
Ca2+-buffer
protein
calbindin.
Both
cause
oxidative
stress
by
producing
highly
reactive
quinones
increasing
intra-mitochondrial
concentrations,
respectively.
High
expression
human
cell
bodies
suggested
abundant
presence
DA-derived
pigment
neuromelanin,
which
not
such
abundance
other
species
associated
with
toxicity
at
higher
levels.
created
their
production
system,
despite
fact
that
SN
does
use
unusually
amounts
energy,
explains
sensitive
various
genetic
environmental
create
mitochondrial
damage
thereby
promote
PD.
Aging
increases
multiple
risk
for
PD,
and,
a
large
extent,
accelerated
aging.
To
prevent
neurodegeneration,
possible
approaches
discussed
here
(1)
reducing
accumulation,
(2)
blocking
oscillations,
(3)
providing
bioenergetic
support.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(19), С. 10535 - 10535
Опубликована: Сен. 30, 2024
Progress
made
by
the
medical
community
in
increasing
lifespans
comes
with
costs
of
incidence
and
prevalence
age-related
diseases,
neurodegenerative
ones
included.
Aging
is
associated
a
series
morphological
changes
at
tissue
cellular
levels
brain,
as
well
impairments
signaling
pathways
gene
transcription,
which
lead
to
synaptic
dysfunction
cognitive
decline.
Although
we
are
not
able
pinpoint
exact
differences
between
healthy
aging
neurodegeneration,
research
increasingly
highlights
involvement
neuroinflammation
chronic
systemic
inflammation
(inflammaging)
development
age-associated
via
pathogenic
cascades,
triggered
dysfunctions
circadian
clock,
gut
dysbiosis,
immunosenescence,
or
impaired
cholinergic
signaling.
In
addition,
gender
susceptibility
course
neurodegeneration
that
appear
be
mediated
glial
cells
emphasize
need
for
future
this
area
an
individualized
therapeutic
approach.
rejuvenation
still
its
very
early
infancy,
accumulated
knowledge
on
various
involved
promoting
senescence
opens
perspective
interfering
these
preventing
delaying
senescence.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(10), С. 9097 - 9097
Опубликована: Май 22, 2023
Tyrosinase
is
a
copper-containing
enzyme
which
widely
distributed
in
nature
(e.g.,
bacteria,
mammals,
fungi)
and
involved
two
consecutive
steps
of
melanin
biosynthesis.
In
humans,
an
excessive
production
can
determine
hyperpigmentation
disorders
as
well
neurodegenerative
processes
Parkinson’s
disease.
The
development
molecules
able
to
inhibit
the
high
activity
remain
current
topic
medicinal
chemistry,
because
inhibitors
reported
so
far
present
several
side
effects.
Heterocycle-bearing
are
largely
diffuse
this
sense.
Due
their
importance
biologically
active
compounds,
we
decided
report
comprehensive
review
synthetic
tyrosinase
possessing
heterocyclic
moieties
within
last
five
years.
For
reader’s
convenience,
classified
them
mushroom
(Agaricus
bisporus)
human
tyrosinase.
Journal of Neural Transmission,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2024
Abstract
Fascinatingly,
an
abundance
of
recent
studies
has
subscribed
to
the
importance
cytotoxic
immune
mechanisms
that
appear
increase
risk/trigger
for
many
progressive
neurodegenerative
disorders,
including
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD),
Alzheimer’s
(AD),
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis,
and
multiple
sclerosis.
Events
associated
with
neuroinflammatory
cascades,
such
as
ageing,
immunologic
dysfunction,
eventually
disruption
blood–brain
barrier
“cytokine
storm”,
be
orchestrated
mainly
through
activation
microglial
cells
communication
neurons.
The
inflammatory
processes
prompt
cellular
protein
dyshomeostasis.
share
a
common
feature
marked
by
characteristic
pathological
hallmarks
abnormal
neuronal
accumulation.
These
Lewy
bodies
contain
misfolded
α-synuclein
aggregates
in
PD
or
case
AD,
they
are
Aβ
deposits
tau-containing
neurofibrillary
tangles.
Subsequently,
these
further
elicit
neurotoxic
events
which
contribute
onset
neurodegeneration
its
progression
aggravation
neuroinflammation.
However,
there
is
caveat
exclusively
linking
neuroinflammation
neurodegeneration,
since
it’s
highly
unlikely
dysregulation
only
factor
contributes
manifestation
disorders.
It
unquestionably
complex
interaction
other
factors
genetics,
age,
environment.
This
endorses
“multiple
hit
hypothesis”.
Consequently,
if
host
genetic
susceptibility
coupled
age-related
weakened
system,
this
makes
them
more
susceptible
virus/bacteria-related
infection.
may
trigger
chronic
leading
dyshomeostasis
accumulation,
finally,
lead
destruction.
Here,
we
differentiate
“neuroinflammation”
“inflammation”
regard
involvement
barrier,
seems
intact
but
defect
inflammation.
There
neuroinflammation-inflammation
continuum
virus-induced
brain
affection.
Therefore,
propose
staging
process,
might
developed
adding
blood-
CSF
parameters,
their
stage-dependent
composition
severeness
grade.
If
so,
suitable
optimise
therapeutic
strategies
fight
beginning
avoid
inflammation
at
all.
