Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
a
common,
prevalent
neurodegenerative
disease.
It
mainly
characterized
by
motor
symptoms
such
as
rigidity,
tremors,
and
bradykinesia,
but
it
can
also
manifest
with
non-motor
symptoms,
of
which
depression
the
most
frequent.
The
latter
impair
quality
life,
yet
gets
overlooked
goes
untreated
because
significant
overlap
in
their
clinical
features,
hence
making
diagnosis
difficult.
Furthermore,
there
limited
data
on
availability
appropriate
criteria
for
PD
patients,
occur
varying
expressions
throughout
course
or
precede
it.
This
review
article
has
included
brief
discussion
patients
overlapped
manifestations.
Understanding
mechanisms
underlying
processes
pathways
interconnecting
them
gives
better
knowledge
devising
treatment
options
patients.
Only
studies
from
Pubmed
were
all
other
databases
excluded.
Studies
last
50
years
included.
Suitable
references
these
extracted.
Thus,
depression,
along
pharmacological
non-pharmacological
options,
have
been
discussed.
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
13(3), С. 699 - 699
Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2024
Introduction:
Depression
is
the
most
prevalent
comorbid
neuropsychiatric
condition
in
individuals
with
Parkinson’s
disease
(PD),
and
its
underlying
mechanisms
are
not
yet
fully
understood.
Current
treatment
methods
characterised
by
moderate
effectiveness
possible
side
effects,
prompting
search
for
new
non-invasive
safe
methods.
Methods:
This
narrative
review
explores
use
of
transcranial
direct
current
stimulation
(tDCS)
depression
PD,
based
on
neuropsychological
measures.
Searches
were
conducted
PubMed/Medline,
Research
Gate,
Cochrane
databases.
Results:
Nine
relevant
studies
identified,
where
scores
served
as
either
primary
or
secondary
outcomes.
Stimulation
protocols
displayed
heterogeneity,
especially
concerning
choice
site.
Patient
samples
also
heterogeneous.
The
majority
incorporated
anodal
targeting
left
dorsolateral
prefrontal
cortex
(DLPFC).
results
revealed
a
reduction
among
PD
patients
following
tDCS.
Potential
through
which
tDCS
may
alleviate
discussed
recommendations
future
research
made.
Conclusions:
Preliminary
evidence
suggests
that
applied
anodally
to
DLPFC
reduces
people
PD;
however,
due
heterogeneity
analysed,
this
field
should
be
approached
caution
warrants
further
validation
confirmation.
Journal of Functional Foods,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
100, С. 105397 - 105397
Опубликована: Дек. 31, 2022
Researches
show
that
the
pathogenesis
of
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
influenced
by
oxidative
stress.
This
randomized
controlled
trial
investigated
effect
12
weeks
synbiotic
supplementation
on
total
antioxidant
capacity
(TAC),
oxidant
status
(TOS),
stress
index
(OSI),
glutathione
(GSH),
Malondialdehyde
(MDA),
quality
life
(PDQ-39)
and
mental
fatigue
in
PD
patients.
Synbiotic
increased
TAC
(65.923
±
208.347
nmol
equivalent
Trolox/ml
vs
5.642
207.611
Trolox/ml,
p
=
0.023)
reduced
MDA
(−0.907
2.154
nmol/ml
+0.122
2.518
nmol/ml,
<
0.001),
OSI
(−0.187
0.558
+0.017
0.526,
0.001)
compared
with
control
group.
Depression
decreased
Well-being
cognitive
impairment
domains
PDQ-39
significantly
improved
while
activities
daily
living
summary
marginally
can
be
considered
a
complementary
treatment
for
In
addition,
further
research
needed
to
replicate
our
findings.
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(15), С. 1693 - 1701
Опубликована: Июль 26, 2023
ABSTRACTIntroduction
Behavioural
symptoms
are
common
manifestations
of
Parkinson’s
disease
and
include
depression,
anxiety,
impulse
control
disorders,
hallucinations,
psychosis,
cognitive
dysfunction.
They
remain
inadequately
addressed
in
many
patients
despite
their
relevance
for
quality
life
disability.
This
applies
also
to
disorders
where
the
most
approach
recent
literature
is
refrain
from
using
dopamine
agonists
without
consideration
about
potential
benefit
on
motor
complications.Areas
covered
We
conducted
a
narrative
review
searching
articles
behavioral
Parkinson
selected
those
which
included
involved
neurotransmitters
such
as
dopamine,
noradrenaline,
serotonin,
acetylcholine.
specifically
focused
our
search
open-label
randomized
double-blind
studies
biomarkers
could
best
characterize
these
clinical
manifestations.Expert
opinion
Management
behavioural
lacks
clear
guidelines
standardized
protocols
beside
general
suggestions
dose
adjustments
replacement
therapy
use
antidepressants
or
antipsychotic
drugs
with
little
patients’
age,
sex,
comorbidities,
status.
suggest
pragmatic
includes
education
affected
caring
people,
dealing
complex
cases
by
experienced
multidisciplinary
teams,
therapy,
psychological
counselling
complement
drug
treatment.KEYWORDS:
Parkinson's
DiseaseDepressionNeuropsychiatric
symptomsNeuropsychiatric
SymptomsAnxiety
Article
highlights
Behavioral
have
profound
impact
well-being
but
especially
women
people
non-Caucasian
ethnicityMany
poorly
responsive
dopaminergic
due
degeneration
cholinergic,
noradrenergic,
serotoninergic
neurotransmitter
systemsAdjustments
needed
presence
impulsive
compulsive
behaviors
psychosis
acute
withdrawal
medications
almost
invariably
associated
worsening
increased
disabilityMedications
targeting
non-dopaminergic
systems
(serotonin,
noradrenaline)
may
improve
affective
symptomsA
thorough
neuropsychological
assessment
clinically
significant
should
always
be
considered
detect
features
supportive
impairmentEducation
well
involvement
an
team
warrantedDeclaration
interestA
Antonini
has
received
compensation
consultancy
speaker-related
activities
UCB,
Britannia,
AbbVie,
Zambon,
Bial,
Ever
Pharma,
Ferrer,
Theravance
Biopharma,
Bayer,
TreeFrog
Therapeutics,
Oligy,
Medscape.
He
receives
research
support
Horizon2020
Grant
825785,
101016902,
Ministry
Education
University
Research
(MIUR)
ARS01_01081,
Cariparo
Foundation.The
authors
no
other
relevant
affiliations
financial
any
organization
entity
interest
conflict
subject
matter
materials
discussed
manuscript
apart
disclosed.Reviewer
disclosuresPeer
reviewers
this
relationships
disclose.Additional
informationFundingThis
paper
was
not
funded.
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
a
common,
prevalent
neurodegenerative
disease.
It
mainly
characterized
by
motor
symptoms
such
as
rigidity,
tremors,
and
bradykinesia,
but
it
can
also
manifest
with
non-motor
symptoms,
of
which
depression
the
most
frequent.
The
latter
impair
quality
life,
yet
gets
overlooked
goes
untreated
because
significant
overlap
in
their
clinical
features,
hence
making
diagnosis
difficult.
Furthermore,
there
limited
data
on
availability
appropriate
criteria
for
PD
patients,
occur
varying
expressions
throughout
course
or
precede
it.
This
review
article
has
included
brief
discussion
patients
overlapped
manifestations.
Understanding
mechanisms
underlying
processes
pathways
interconnecting
them
gives
better
knowledge
devising
treatment
options
patients.
Only
studies
from
Pubmed
were
all
other
databases
excluded.
Studies
last
50
years
included.
Suitable
references
these
extracted.
Thus,
depression,
along
pharmacological
non-pharmacological
options,
have
been
discussed.
