Abstract
In
the
twenty-first
century,
warming
climate
poses
major
threats
to
forest
ecosystems.
Assisted
migration
has
emerged
as
a
proactive
adaptation
and
conservation
strategy
mitigate
impacts
of
change
safeguard
biodiversity.
This
approach
comprises
human-assisted
movement
dispersal
species
populations
areas
predicted
be
suitable
under
future
conditions.
is
subject
much
debate
in
scientific
literature.
While
it
offers
potential
benefits
terms
promoting
biodiversity,
sustaining
productivity,
conserving
wildlife
habitats,
also
raises
concerns
about
invasion
potential,
hybridization,
unforeseen
on
Its
implementation
therefore
requires
careful
assessment,
risk
analysis,
an
ecosystem-based
approach.
following,
we
discuss
not
only
pros
cons
but
knowledge
gaps
further
challenges
associated
with
assisted
tool
for
combating
sustainably
maintaining
climate-adapted
resilient
Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
55(1), С. 23 - 40
Опубликована: Июнь 17, 2024
There
is
broad
concern
that
the
range
shifts
of
global
flora
and
fauna
will
not
keep
up
with
climate
change,
increasing
likelihood
population
declines
extinctions.
Many
populations
nonnative
species
already
have
advantages
over
native
species,
including
widespread
human-aided
dispersal
release
from
natural
enemies.
But
do
also
an
advantage
change?
Here,
we
review
observed
potential
for
globally.
We
show
are
expanding
their
ranges
orders
magnitude
faster
than
reflecting
both
traits
enable
rapid
spread
ongoing
human-mediated
introduction.
further
large
expansions
likely
due
to
a
combination
introduction
broader
climatic
tolerances.
With
rates
larger
persist
or
expand,
decided
in
changing
climate.
Sourcing
seed
from
local
populations
has
been
the
long-standing
default
for
native
restoration
plantings
numerous
eco-evolutionary
reasons.
However,
rapidly
changing
environments
are
revealing
risks
associated
with
both
non-local
and
provenancing.
As
alternative
strategies
gain
interest,
we
argue
to
progress
sourcing
discussions
towards
developing
risk-based
decision-making
that
weighs
of
not
in
a
environment,
transcending
historic
positions
versus
debates.
(local
provenancing)
reasons
including
adaptation
species
co-evolution.
environments,
evidence
base
shifted,
include
provenances
aim
beyond
defaults
debates
by
exploring
changing.
Here,
decision
framework
provenance
selection
environment.
Restoration
restore
ecosystems
support
key
services
functions
humans
other
dependent
rely
upon
(e.g.
water
filtration,
carbon
sequestration).
How
best
source
achieve
resilient,
long-term,
self-sustaining
plant
received
substantial
attention
(Bucharova,
2017;
Jones,
2013;
Prober
et
al.,
2015).
Local
provenancing
maintains
adaptations
have
evolved
maximize
fitness
environment
(Hereford,
2009;
Leimu
&
Fischer,
2008),
on
premise
this
approach
should
enhance
establishment
success
long-term
plantings.
also
important
co-evolved
biotic
interactions
such
as
plant–fungi
plant–pollinator
relationships
(Bucharova
2021;
Grady
2017)
while
avoiding
negative
genetic
effects
introducing
genotypes,
outbreeding
depression
demographic
swamping
genotypes
Byrne
2011).
For
these
reasons,
among
others,
strategy
environmental
change
impacts
raised
concerns
viability
Changes
conditions
direct
indirect
climate
land
use)
may
decouple
fitness,
resulting
greater
risk
being
maladapted
(Anderson,
2016;
Etterson
Shaw,
2001).
example,
small,
fragmented
remnants
can
result
genetically
depauperate,
inbred
progeny
(Aguilar
2019;
Breed
2015),
is
potentially
more
vulnerable
(Nickolas
2019).
Thus,
perception
'safe'
option
misleading
world
(Frankham
2011;
Ralls
2018).
Alternative
address
change-induced
issues
mixing
provenances—seed
sources
geographically
environmentally
distant
thereby
increasing
diversity
or
putatively
pre-adapted
enhancing
resilience
adaptability
(see
Although
gaining
acceptance
use
Hancock
2023),
remain
about
using
provenances,
some
sectors
continuing
recommend
only
(Hancock
Encinas-Viso,
2021).
Such
hesitance
reflect
limited
outcomes
mixed
(Twardek
2023;
Vitt
2022).
While
valid,
equally
valid
under
current
future
conditions.
that,
need
be
weighted
risks.
In
contrast
merits
different
strategies,
focus
choice
ensure
fit-for-purpose
resilient
adaptable
now
into
future.
By
highlighting
changing,
viewpoint
aims
shift
away
dogma
whether
per
se
advance
dialogue
rethinking
context-dependant,
decision.
From
an
perspective,
present
than
(Table
1).
exhaustive
list,
four
case
studies
highlight
transition
state
known
provenances.
Cider
gum
(Eucalyptus
gunnii-archeri)
Valley
oak
(Quercus
lobata)
Thale
cress
(Arabidopsis
thaliana)
Metallophyte
legumes
(Mimosa
acutistipula
var
ferrea
Dioclea
apurensis)
Under
change,
there
maladaptation
(genotypes)
decoupled
selective
pressures.
Evidence
decoupling
was
demonstrated
Eucalyptus
gunnii,
subalpine
tree
endemic
Tasmania,
Australia.
Consistent
adaptation,
initially
showed
higher
reciprocal
common
garden
trials
(Potts,
1985).
following
20+
years
declining
precipitation
temperatures
(Sanger
2011),
declined
(<30%
survival),
lower
elevation,
showing
(>70%
survival;
2016).
Similar
observed
forest
(Jump
2009)
natural
systems
broadly
(Scheffers
addition
changes,
date
already
outpaced
'adaptation
lag'.
lag
shown
Quercus
lobata
(valley
oak),
where
two,
early-age
relative
growth
when
planted
cooler
climates
their
homesite
(ca.
10%
growth;
Browne
A
genomics-informed
model
predicted
gains
up
25%
individuals
test
site
(Browne
Optimal
rather
consistent
lag.
sometimes
highly
plastic
persist
suboptimal
similar
several
(Aitken
2008;
Carter,
1996;
Fréjaville
2020).
Life
history
influence
risk,
especially
long-lived
slower
change.
It
noted
does
show
advantage
shorter
lived
Woolridge
2023).
drier
warmer
monkeyflower
(Erythranthe
guttata,
Kooyers
2019)
grass
(Stipa
pulchra,
Nolan
Demographic
plays
role
structuring
variation
within
(Hewitt,
2000).
Historical
expansions
refugia
bottlenecks
can,
leave
evolutionary
fingerprints
effect
modern-day
populations.
processes,
postglacial
expansion
northern
Europe,
explain
differential
survival
fecundity
two
Arabidopsis
thaliana
(Thale
cress)
opposing
latitudinal
ends
its
European
range.
average
transplant
(Ågren
Schemske,
2012),
inter-provenance
crosses
between
tended
Sweden
2013).
Furthermore,
Swedish
alleles
were
often
maladaptive
Sweden,
Italian
therefore
it
results
variation,
which
reduce
fitness.
situations,
land-use
mining,
agriculture
deforestation,
novel
(Jones,
This
presents
no
longer
fit
novel,
metallophyte
legumes,
Mimosa
var.
apurensis,
promising
candidates
restoring
degraded
areas
mineral-rich
soils
Brazilian
Amazon.
Adaptive
genomic
would
perform
moderately
disturbed
sites
altered
fire);
however,
sampled
area
matched
predictions
(i.e.
ex-mining
sites;
Carvalho
Regional
recommended
capture
adaptability,
de-risking
Together
previous
findings
rapid,
microgeographic
post-mining
Antonovics,
2006),
vary
dependant
history.
Together,
examples
changes
thus
increase
particular
contexts.
They
decisions
consider
anthropogenic
history,
life
short-
productivity
One
decrease
could
bolstering
existing
(Prober
Reframing
around
highlights
all
come
inherent
risks,
(Figure
suggests
single
will
appropriate
Rather,
most
any
situation
influenced
context-dependant
factors
weighed
framework.
To
create
plantings,
must
dynamic
imposed
Bemmels,
Genetic
factor
(Kardos
Provenancing
mix
boost
adaptive
but
depend
self-incompatibility
ploidy
variation.
Considering
help
guide
local,
combination
given
(Hoffmann
focussed
choice,
ecological
interactions;
Bucharova
2021),
logistical
availability;
Broadhurst
2016)
socio-cultural
significance
identity
plants;
Maurice
Figure
against
environments.
Moving
forward,
empirical
critical
barriers
knowledge
gaps
currently
limit
deriving
practical
guidance
(Breed
2018;
Increasing
research
industry
greatly
benefit
evidence-based
(Bailey
performance
provenances)
strategies.
Knowledge
extent,
establishing
zones
(Johnson
source,
how
mix,
Empirical
data
contexts
determine
generalized
recommendations
derived
based
functional
traits
information
across
without
data.
Research
initiatives
working
gaps.
practitioner
guides
incorporate
uncertainty,
genetics
landscape
fragmentation
(Harrison
Rossetto
Long-term
experiments
Potts,
1985),
scaled,
networked
experiments,
embedded
Bailey
2021)
monitoring
pivotal
generating
species,
contexts,
decisions.
Providing
certainty
supply
chain
enabling
(Broadhurst
strong
industry–academia
collaboration
needed
relevance
uptake
evidence-derived
guidelines
Focusing
factors,
free.
Our
intention
discussion
debates,
conscious,
context-dependent,
adaptability.
We
do
suggest
used
so.
encourage
thoughtful
All
authors
conceived
contributed
writing
editing
manuscript.
thank
Linda
Broadhurst,
Ary
Hoffmann
Suzanne
anonymous
reviewers
comments
earlier
draft
work
supported
Australian
Council
(grant
numbers
LP190100051,
LP190100484,
DP180100668,
DP210101932
M.F.B;
P.A.H
IC150100004).
declare
knowledge,
they
conflicts
interest.
No
study.
Global Change Biology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
30(2)
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2024
Abstract
Climate
change
may
lead
to
range
shifts,
and
barriers
such
displacements
result
in
extirpations
from
previously
suitable
habitats.
This
be
particularly
important
freshwater
ecosystems
that
are
highly
fragmented
by
anthropogenic
obstacles,
as
dams
other
smaller
in‐stream
barriers.
Conservation
planning
freshwaters
should
consider
the
dynamic
effects
of
climate
ability
species
cope
with
it.
In
this
study,
we
developed
a
framework
for
incorporating
climate‐driven
dispersal
into
conservation
taking
account
medium
long‐term
impacts
obligatory
interactions.
Given
mussels
(Bivalvia:
Unionida)
group
threatened
organisms
dependent
on
fish
hosts
complete
their
larval
development
dispersal,
used
Marxan
prioritize
areas
joint
Iberian
Peninsula
case
study.
We
tested
two
connectivity
scenarios
between
current
future
habitats,
(i)
unlimited
capacity
(ii)
constrained
artificial
barriers,
also
identified
priority
translocation
were
unable
disperse.
Accounting
distributions
allowed
identification
areas,
but
disregarding
unrealistic
solutions.
Integrating
location
more
likely
colonized
following
climatic
although
resulted
an
additional
loss
six
eight
features
(~5%–7%)
compared
solutions
without
constraints.
Between
173
357
(~1.6%–3.3%)
will
potentially
block
irreplaceable
units.
Where
removal
is
unfeasible,
translocations
additionally
cover
up
do
not
meet
targets
due
study
highlights
challenge
identifying
protected
safeguard
biodiversity
under
change.
Conservation Biology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
38(6)
Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2024
Abstract
International
and
national
conservation
policies
almost
exclusively
focus
on
conserving
species
in
their
historic
native
ranges,
thus
excluding
that
have
been
introduced
by
people
some
of
those
extended
ranges
own
accord.
Given
many
such
migrants
are
threatened
goals
explicitly
exclude
these
populations
may
overlook
opportunities
to
prevent
extinctions
respond
dynamically
rapidly
changing
environmental
climatic
conditions.
Focusing
terrestrial
mammals,
we
quantified
the
number
mammals
established
new
through
assisted
migration
(i.e.,
introduction).
We
devised
4
alternative
scenarios
for
inclusion
assisted‐migrant
mainstream
policy
with
aim
preventing
global
extinctions.
then
used
spatial
prioritization
algorithms
simulate
how
could
change
priorities.
found
22%
(70
out
265)
all
identified
were
mirroring
25%
threatened.
Reassessing
threat
statuses
combining
migrant
reduced
status
23
(∼33%
migrants).
Thus,
including
assessments
provides
a
more
accurate
assessment
actual
extinction
risk
among
species.
Spatial
simulations
showed
reimagining
role
increase
importance
overlooked
landscapes,
particularly
central
Australia,
Europe,
southwestern
United
States.
Our
results
indicated
various
nonexhaustive
ways
consider
populations,
due
consideration
potential
conflicts
resident
taxa,
provide
unprecedented
Ecology and Evolution,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14(6)
Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2024
Abstract
Eco‐evolutionary
experiments
are
typically
conducted
in
semi‐unnatural
controlled
settings,
such
as
mesocosms;
yet
inferences
about
how
evolution
and
ecology
interact
the
real
world
would
surely
benefit
from
natural
uncontrolled
settings.
Opportunities
for
rare
but
do
arise
context
of
restoration
ecology—where
different
“types”
a
given
species
can
be
introduced
into
“replicate”
locations.
Designing
requires
wrestling
with
consequential
questions.
(Q1)
Which
specific
focal
should
to
location?
(Q2)
How
many
sources
each
type
used—and
they
mixed
together?
(Q3)
source
populations
used?
(Q4)
type(s)
or
population(s)
which
sites?
We
recently
grappled
these
questions
when
designing
an
eco‐evolutionary
experiment
threespine
stickleback
(
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
)
nine
small
lakes
ponds
on
Kenai
Peninsula
Alaska
that
required
restoration.
After
considering
options
at
length,
we
decided
use
benthic
versus
limnetic
ecotypes
create
group
colonists
four
ecotype
(Q2),
where
were
identified
based
trophic
morphology
(Q3),
then
scaled
by
lake
size
(Q4).
hope
outlining
alternatives
resulting
choices
will
make
rationales
clear
future
studies
leveraging
our
experiment,
while
also
proving
useful
investigators
similar
future.
Communications Biology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
7(1)
Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2024
To
enhance
the
practice
of
farmed-coral
transplantation,
we
conducted
a
trial
an
approach
called
"Reef
Carpets"
(RC),
which
draws
inspiration
from
commercial
turf-grass
sod
in
land-based
lawn
gardening.
Three
8.4m
