Potential therapeutic options for COVID-19: an update on current evidence

European journal of medical research, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 27(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 13, 2022

SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, is the agent responsible for COVID-19 pandemic and major public health concern nowadays. The rapid global spread of this coronavirus leads to an increase in hospitalizations thousands deaths many countries. To date, great efforts have been made worldwide efficient management crisis, but there still no effective specific treatment COVID-19. primary therapies treat disease are antivirals, anti-inflammatories respiratory therapy. In addition, antibody currently active essential part SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment. Ongoing trials proposed different therapeutic options including various drugs, convalescent plasma therapy, monoclonal antibodies, immunoglobulin cell present study summarized current evidence these approaches assess their efficacy safety We tried provide comprehensive information about available potential against support researchers physicians any future progress treating patients.

Язык: Английский

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Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 7(1)

Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2022

Abstract The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis, and brought severe disruptions to societies economies. Until now, effective therapeutics against are in high demand. Along with our improved understanding the structure, function, pathogenic process SARS-CoV-2, many small molecules potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed. So far, several antiviral strategies were explored. Besides directly inhibition viral proteins such as RdRp M pro , interference host enzymes including ACE2 proteases, blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT, BTK, NF-κB, NLRP3 pathways, regarded feasible drug development. development treat achieved strategies, computer-aided lead compound design screening, natural product discovery, repurposing, combination therapy. Several representative remdesivir paxlovid proved or authorized emergency use countries. And candidates entered clinical-trial stage. Nevertheless, due epidemiological features variability issues it is necessary continue exploring novel COVID-19. This review discusses current findings for treatment. Moreover, their detailed mechanism action, chemical structures, preclinical clinical efficacies discussed.

Язык: Английский

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COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(19), С. 14876 - 14876

Опубликована: Окт. 4, 2023

SARS-CoV-2 infection, discovered and isolated in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, causes acute atypical respiratory symptoms has led to profound changes our lives. COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of complications, which include pulmonary embolism, thromboembolism arterial clot formation, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, multiorgan failure, more. The disease caused worldwide pandemic, despite various measures such as social distancing, preventive strategies, therapeutic approaches, the creation vaccines, novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) still hides many mysteries for scientific community. Oxidative stress been suggested play an essential role pathogenesis COVID-19, determining free radical levels patients with may provide insight into severity. generation abnormal oxidants under COVID-19-induced cytokine storm irreversible oxidation macromolecules subsequent damage cells, tissues, organs. Clinical studies have shown that oxidative initiates endothelial damage, increases risk complications post-COVID-19 or long-COVID-19 cases. This review describes radicals mediation mitochondrial dysfunction.

Язык: Английский

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The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in Development and Treatment of COVID-19: Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 23(9), С. 5283 - 5283

Опубликована: Май 9, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), a disease that has affected more than 500 million people worldwide since the end of 2019. Due to its high complications and death rates, there is still need find best therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The dysregulation inflammatory response in COVID-19 plays very important role progression. It been observed abnormal activity Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) directly associated with, inter alia, increased synthesis proinflammatory factors. Therefore, this review paper focuses on functions NF-κB development infection potential application inhibitors immunotherapy. A comprehensive literature search was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed database. In current review, it highlighted modulation an adaptive response, including inducing expression genes. Increased activation observed. association between structural non-structural proteins were also reported. using, e.g., traditional Chinese medicine or glucocorticosteroids resulted decreased factors caused by This summarizes describes immunotherapeutic target treatment However, indisputably studies involving patients with severe course are sorely needed.

Язык: Английский

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Current advances and challenges in COVID-19 vaccine development: from conventional vaccines to next-generation vaccine platforms

Molecular Biology Reports, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 49(6), С. 4943 - 4957

Опубликована: Март 2, 2022

Язык: Английский

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SARS‐COV‐2 infection and Parkinson's disease: Possible links and perspectives

Journal of Neuroscience Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 101(6), С. 952 - 975

Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2023

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. The hallmarks are presence Lewy bodies composed mainly aggregated α-synuclein and immune activation inflammation brain. neurotropism SARS-CoV-2 with induction cytokine storm neuroinflammation can contribute to development PD. Interestingly, overexpression PD patients may limit neuroinvasion degeneration neurons; however, on other hand, this virus speed up aggregation. review aims discuss potential link between COVID-19 risk PD, highlighting need for further studies authenticate association. We have also overviewed influence infection course management. In context, we presented prospects controlling pandemic related cases that, beyond global vaccination novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, include graphene-based nanoscale platforms offering antiviral anti-amyloid strategies against

Язык: Английский

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Long COVID: Clinical Framing, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Approaches

Journal of Personalized Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 13(2), С. 334 - 334

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2023

More than two years after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare providers are facing an emergency within emergency, so-called long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS). Patients diagnosed with PCS develop extended range persistent symptoms and/or complications from COVID-19. The risk factors and clinical manifestations many various. Advanced age, sex/gender, pre-existing conditions certainly influence pathogenesis course this syndrome. However, absence precise diagnostic prognostic biomarkers may further complicate management patients. This review aimed to summarize recent evidence on influencing PCS, possible biomarkers, therapeutic approaches. Older patients recovered approximately one month earlier younger patients, higher rates symptoms. Fatigue during acute phase appears be important factor for symptom persistence. Female sex, older active smoking associated a developing PCS. incidence cognitive decline death in controls. Complementary alternative medicine improvement symptoms, particularly fatigue. heterogeneous nature post-COVID complexity who often polytreated due concomitant conditions, suggest holistic integrated approach provide useful guidance treatment overall COVID.

Язык: Английский

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COVID-19 and atrial fibrillation: Intercepting lines

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2023

Almost 20% of COVID-19 patients have a history atrial fibrillation (AF), but also new-onset AF represents frequent complication in COVID-19. Clinical evidence demonstrates that COVID-19, by promoting the evolution prothrombotic state, increases susceptibility to arrhythmic events during infective stages and presumably post-recovery. itself is most form arrhythmia associated with substantial morbidity mortality. One molecular factors involved COVID-19-related episodes angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 availability. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) uses ACE2 enter infect multiple cells. Atrial internalization after binding SARS-CoV-2 results raise angiotensin (Ang) II, suppression cardioprotective Ang(1–7) formation, thereby cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis oxidative stress. Furthermore, several pharmacological agents used may higher risk inducing electrophysiological changes dysfunction. Azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, ibrutinib, remdesivir, treatment predispose an increased arrhythmia. In this review, putative mechanisms cardiovascular safety profile drugs for are summarized.

Язык: Английский

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Cellular Metabolism: A Fundamental Component of Degeneration in the Nervous System

Biomolecules, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 13(5), С. 816 - 816

Опубликована: Май 11, 2023

It is estimated that, at minimum, 500 million individuals suffer from cellular metabolic dysfunction, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), throughout the world. Even more concerning knowledge that disease intimately tied to neurodegenerative disorders, affecting both central and peripheral nervous systems well leading dementia, seventh cause of death. New innovative therapeutic strategies address metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, mechanistic target rapamycin (mTOR), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), growth factor signaling with erythropoietin (EPO), risk factors apolipoprotein E (APOE-ε4) gene coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) can offer valuable insights for clinical care treatment disorders impacted by disease. Critical insight into modulation these complex pathways are required since mTOR pathways, AMPK activation, improve memory retention in Alzheimer's (AD) DM, promote healthy aging, facilitate clearance β-amyloid (Aß) tau brain, control inflammation, but also may lead cognitive loss long-COVID syndrome through mechanisms include oxidative stress, mitochondrial cytokine release, APOE-ε4 if autophagy other programmed cell death left unchecked.

Язык: Английский

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The impact of aging and oxidative stress in metabolic and nervous system disorders: programmed cell death and molecular signal transduction crosstalk

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2023

Life expectancy is increasing throughout the world and coincides with a rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially for metabolic disease that includes diabetes mellitus (DM) neurodegenerative disorders. The debilitating effects of disorders influence entire body significantly affect nervous system impacting greater than one billion people disability peripheral as well cognitive loss, now seventh leading cause death worldwide. Metabolic disorders, such DM, neurologic remain significant challenge treatment care individuals since present therapies may limit symptoms but do not halt overall progression. These clinical challenges to address interplay between warrant innovative strategies can focus upon underlying mechanisms aging-related oxidative stress, cell senescence, death. Programmed pathways involve autophagy, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis play critical role oversee processes include insulin resistance, β-cell function, mitochondrial integrity, reactive oxygen species release, inflammatory activation. silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1

Язык: Английский

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