bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 19, 2025

Transcranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS) redefines what is possible with non-invasive neuromodulation by oaering unparalleled spatial precision and flexible targeting capabilities. However, peripheral confounds pose a significant challenge to reliably implementing this technology. While auditory during TUS have been studied extensively, the somatosensory confound has overlooked thus far. It will become increasingly vital quantify manage as field shifts towards higher doses, more compact devices, frequent through temple where co-stimulation pronounced. Here, we provide systematic characterisation of TUS. We also identify conditions under which can be mitigated most eaectively mapping confound-parameter space. Specifically, investigate dose-response eaects, pulse shaping characteristics, transducer-specific parameters. demonstrate that avoiding near-field intensity peaks in scalp, spreading energy across greater area ramping envelope, delivering equivalent doses via longer, lower-intensity pulses rather than shorter, higher-intensity pulses. Additionally, repetition frequencies fundamental reduce eaects. Through our parameter space, find preliminary evidence particle displacement (strain) may primary biophysical driving force behind co-stimulation. This study provides actionable strategies minimise confounds, support thorough experimental control required unlock full potential for scientific research clinical interventions. Tactile, thermal, even painful occur TUS.Confounds & parameters.Valid replicable requires confounds.Particle confounds.

Язык: Английский