SSRN Electronic Journal,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2021
The
question
of
whether
SARS-CoV-2
is
transmitted
by
droplets
or
aerosols
has
been
very
controversial.
We
sought
to
explain
this
controversy
through
a
historical
analysis
transmission
research
in
other
diseases.
For
most
human
history,
many
diseases
were
thought
transmit
the
air,
often
over
long
distances
and
phantasmagorical
way,
error
(e.g.
malaria,
cholera).
Building
on
germ
theory
disease
developed
mid
19th
century
demise
miasma
theory,
prominent
public
health
official
Charles
Chapin
1910
urged
community
focus
contact
droplet
infection.
However,
he
introduced
major
process:
that
ease
infection
close
proximity
associated
exclusively
with
large
"sprayborne"
fall
ground
quickly,
deemed
airborne
as
unlikely.
This
new
paradigm
became
dominant,
leading
systematic
errors
interpretation
evidence
transmission.
next
five
decades,
no
was
accepted
general
medical
control
communities
airborne,
until
tuberculosis
(which
had
misclassified
droplet)
1962.
Chapin's
remained
dominant
only
few
widely
before
COVID-19:
those
clearly
time
scales.
Resistance
idea
spread
respiratory
not
new.
In
fact,
it
occurred
repeatedly
much
last
greatly
hampered
understanding
how
transmit.
The
question
of
whether
SARS-CoV-2
is
mainly
transmitted
by
droplets
or
aerosols
has
been
highly
controversial.
We
sought
to
explain
this
controversy
through
a
historical
analysis
transmission
research
in
other
diseases.
For
most
human
history,
the
dominant
paradigm
was
that
many
diseases
were
carried
air,
often
over
long
distances
and
phantasmagorical
way.
This
miasmatic
challenged
mid
late
19th
century
with
rise
germ
theory,
as
such
cholera,
puerperal
fever,
malaria
found
actually
transmit
ways.
Motivated
his
views
on
importance
contact/droplet
infection,
resistance
he
encountered
from
remaining
influence
miasma
prominent
public
health
official
Charles
Chapin
1910
helped
initiate
successful
shift,
deeming
airborne
unlikely.
new
became
dominant.
However,
lack
understanding
led
systematic
errors
interpretation
evidence
pathways.
next
five
decades,
considered
negligible
minor
for
all
major
respiratory
diseases,
until
demonstration
tuberculosis
(which
had
mistakenly
thought
be
droplets)
1962.
remained
dominant,
only
few
widely
accepted
before
COVID-19:
those
clearly
people
not
same
room.
acceleration
interdisciplinary
inspired
COVID-19
pandemic
shown
mode
disease,
likely
significant
infectious
Journal of Building Engineering,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
64, С. 105599 - 105599
Опубликована: Ноя. 26, 2022
In
the
past
few
years,
significant
efforts
have
been
made
to
investigate
transmission
of
COVID-19.
This
paper
provides
a
review
COVID-19
airborne
modeling
and
mitigation
strategies.
The
simulation
models
here
are
classified
into
infectious
risk
numerical
approaches
for
spatiotemporal
transmissions.
Mathematical
descriptions
assumptions
on
which
these
based
discussed.
Input
data
used
in
previous
studies
assess
dispersion
extracted
reported.
Moreover,
measurements
performed
study
within
indoor
environments
introduced
support
validations
anticipated
future
studies.
Transmission
strategies
recommended
recent
include
modifying
occupancy
ventilation
operations,
using
filters
air
purifiers,
installing
ultraviolet
(UV)
disinfection
systems,
personal
protection
compliance,
such
as
wearing
masks
social
distancing.
application
various
building
types,
educational,
office,
public,
residential,
hospital,
is
reviewed.
Recommendations
works
also
discussed
current
apparent
knowledge
gaps
covering
both
approaches.
Our
findings
show
that
different
measures
were
environments;
however,
there
no
conclusive
work
reporting
their
combined
effects
level
may
be
achieved.
further
should
conducted
understand
better
balance
between
mitigating
viral
transmissions
buildings
energy
consumption.
The
use
of
physical
dividers
as
control
measures
for
short-range
viral
transmission
in
indoor
settings
has
gained
increasing
attention.
However,
the
understanding
regarding
their
correct
usage
under
different
seating
arrangements
is
incomplete.
In
this
study,
we
focused
on
assessing
effectiveness
impeding
transient
cough
droplets
three
representative
layouts
using
large-eddy
simulation
technique
with
Eulerian–Lagrangian
model.
We
computationally
also
investigated
effects
ventilation
droplet
desk-divider
layouts.
approach
was
tested
two
rates
(1.0
and
1.8
m/s).
A
comparative
analysis
flow
fields,
topologies,
particle
directions
been
studied.
findings
indicate
that
sitting
arrangements,
rates,
partition
play
a
significant
role
designing
effective
infection
office
setup
considered.
protected
occupied
zone
(POV)
worked
best
situations
low
m/s)
cross-partition
protecting
healthy
persons.
addition,
POV
performed
well
high
(1.8
face-to-face
layout.
side-by-side
configuration
poorly
considered
person
seated
directly
opposite
infected
person.
numerical
predictions
may
be
used
to
validate
other
experimental
studies
educate
workers
engineers
airborne
control.
Emergency Management Science and Technology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
4(1), С. 0 - 0
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
Respiratory
infectious
diseases
can
cause
public
health
emergencies,
threatening
human
well-being,
social
operation,
and
economic
development.
Clarifying
the
transmission
mechanism
of
respiratory
is
essential
for
control
measures.
We
review
main
research
findings
on
in
recent
decades.
The
source
characteristics
diseases,
airborne
mechanism,
exposure
susceptible
persons,
infection
risk
assessment
methods
are
discussed.
Given
that
dynamic
scenario
disease
has
attracted
wide
attention
years,
we
summarize
effects
movement
indoor
airflow,
pathogen
diffusion,
exposure.
Considering
everyday
use
facemasks,
facemasks
also
Finally,
future
prospects
proposed.
be
comprehensively
explored
by
delving
into
patients'
pathological
personnel
protection
This
exploration
facilitated
establishing
a
multi-pose
manikin
database,
enabling
personalized
refined
evaluations.
Interdisciplinary
cooperation
will
play
pivotal
role
fostering
holistic
understanding.
Furthermore,
it
crucial
to
account
impact
individuals'
activity
patterns
dynamics.
expected
reference
emergency
management.
