Smart innovation, systems and technologies, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 109 - 117
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
Язык: Английский
Trends in Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 21(8), С. 8287 - 8287
Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2024
The spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 depends on complex fluid dynamics interactions between pathogens and phases, including individual droplets multiphase clouds. Understanding these is crucial for predicting controlling disease spread. This applies to human animal exhalations, coughs sneezes, well bursting bubbles that create micron-sized in various indoor outdoor environments. By exploring case studies this regard, study examines the emerging field transmission, focusing flows, interfacial turbulence, pathogens, traffic, aerosol ventilation, breathing microenvironments. These results indicate increased ventilation rates local methods can effectively reduce concentration SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols immediate spaces individuals. In a displacement-ventilated room, both neutral unstable conditions were more effective removing breathed from air, regardless presence test subjects. However, stable may increase risk infection individuals living confined spaces. Thus, findings are useful providing practical guidance managing airborne infections. HIGHLIGHTS Fluid affect transmission explored flow, dispersion, respiratory zones Increased SARS-CoV-2 Displacement eliminates under Cramped damp environments GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
25
Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 4, С. 24 - 31
Опубликована: Май 31, 2023
Smart Healthy Schools (SHS) is a new paradigm in building engineering and infection risk control school buildings where the disciplines of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), IoT (Internet Things) Artificial Intelligence (AI) merge together. In post-pandemic era, equipping schools with network smart sensors has become critical to aspire for optimal IAQ lowering airborne several pathogens. Thermal energy waste remains major concern but it can be mitigated within SHS monitoring architecture thanks flexibility LoRaWAN protocol able process also climatic data at room scale. this work, we report design AulaSicura platform, an system designed implement existing buildings. The cloud-based LoRa implemented by GiZeroTech capable continuous simultaneous variety parameters including indoor/oudoor temperatures, rel. humidities human-emitted excess CO2. multi-room concept indoor-CO2 levels allows centralized natural ventilation individual classrooms handle (quasi)-real-time post-processing, relevant future developments (quasi)-real-rime assessment. It extensible up one thousand per LoRa-node allowing districts urban Moreover, through Modbus-LoRa I/O converters, same amount mechanical units node either pure or hybrid modes.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
23
Energy and Buildings, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 308, С. 114022 - 114022
Опубликована: Фев. 17, 2024
The quality of the indoor thermal environment is essential because its impact on energy efficiency buildings and health well-being those who occupy them. This particularly important in educational direct student performance. Various factors, such as natural ventilation, have become relevant since COVID-19. Although this measure no longer mandatory, usefulness has been proven, it therefore interesting to evaluate understand comfort classrooms. In addition other aspects clothing, gender habits can also influence perception occupants. Therefore, study investigates these factors university Spain Portugal through a campaign measurements questionnaires. results showed that, according CO2 concentrations, ventilation strategies maintained more than Portugal. Also, protocols did not negative effect On hand, there were significant differences between student's responses two countries. fact, Portuguese students warmer preferences (Tn = 26.40 °C) Spanish 24.70 °C). Finally, clothing crucial factor comfort, with by country gender.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
14
Energies, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 17(11), С. 2769 - 2769
Опубликована: Июнь 5, 2024
Air conditioning systems can play a positive or negative role in the spread of COVID-19 infection. The importance sufficient outdoor air changes buildings was highlighted by World Health Organization, therefore these should be guaranteed mechanical ventilation adequate systems. proposed case study concerns optimal number to limit contagion for school building Central Italy. Wells–Riley model is used assess risk airborne infection, while energy consumption calculated dynamic simulation software. scope paper offers an innovative method define strategy building’s HVAC system design reduce infection with limited increases and greenhouse gas emissions. Results show that desirable approach one which same low value set all rooms. This new results significant savings, compared most common ones (setting high rates rooms) counteract Finally, zero-emission target verified introducing suitable photovoltaic offset pollutant
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
12
The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 923, С. 171308 - 171308
Опубликована: Март 2, 2024
Respiratory disease transmission in indoor environments presents persistent challenges for health authorities, as exemplified by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This underscores urgent necessity to investigate dynamics of viral infection within environments. systematic review delves into methodologies respiratory settings and explores how quality air (IAQ) can be controlled alleviate this risk while considering imperative sustainability. Among 2722 articles reviewed, 178 were retained based on their focus IAQ. Fifty eight delved SARS-CoV-2 transmission, 21 papers evaluated IAQ contexts other pandemics, 53 assessed during pandemic, 46 examined control strategies mitigate infectious transmission. Furthermore, investigating strategies, only nine considered energy consumption. These findings highlight clear gaps current research, such analyzing surface samples specific environments, oversight outdoor parameters (e.g., temperature, relative humidity (RH), building orientation), neglect occupancy schedules, absence considerations consumption enhancing study distinctly identifies environmental conditions conducive thriving each virus, offering trade-offs dominant viruses at any given time. argues that future research should involve digital twins conjunction with machine learning (ML) techniques. approach aims enhance patterns various
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
10
Building and Environment, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 112523 - 112523
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
1
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 20(4), С. 3746 - 3746
Опубликована: Фев. 20, 2023
To review the risk of airborne infections in schools and evaluate effect intervention measures reported field studies.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
13
Toxics, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 12(3), С. 227 - 227
Опубликована: Март 20, 2024
A comprehensive study assessed indoor air quality parameters, focusing on relevant pollutants such as particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), gaseous compounds (CO, CO2, formaldehyde, NO2) volatile/semi-volatile organic chemicals, well respiratory viruses (including SARS-CoV-2), fungi bacteria in Spanish university classrooms. Non-target screening strategies evaluated the presence of inside outside Saliva samples from teachers students were collected to explore correlations between biological samples. Indoor results revealed punctual exceedance recommended guidelines for formaldehyde (HCHO), volatile (TVOCs) PM least naturally ventilated Significant differences occurred classes, with one showing higher average concentrations HCHO, NO2, PM10 PM2.5. virus (rhinovirus/enterovirus) was detected medium classroom, although saliva tested negative. Suspect tentatively identified 65 substances indoors over 200 outdoors, approximately half reporting a high toxicological risk based Cramer rules. The provides overview quality, classrooms, highlighting variations potential health risks associated ventilation differences.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
4
PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 19(4), С. e0291840 - e0291840
Опубликована: Апрель 3, 2024
Background This study examined the correlation of classroom ventilation (air exchanges per hour (ACH)) and exposure to CO 2 ≥1,000 ppm with incidence SARS-CoV-2 over a 20-month period in specialized school for students intellectual developmental disabilities (IDD). These were at higher risk respiratory infection from due challenges tolerating mitigation measures (e.g. masking). One in-school measure proposed help mitigate schools is increased ventilation. Methods We established community-engaged research partnership between University Rochester Mary Cariola Center IDD. Ambient levels measured 100 rooms, air changes (ACH) calculated. The number cases each room was collected 20 months. Results 97% rooms had an estimated ACH ≤4.0, 7% having ≥2,000 up 3 hours day. A statistically significant found time that PCR tests normalized occupancy, accounting 43% variance. No per-room cases. Rooms systems using MERV-13 filters lower SARS-CoV-2-positive counts. findings led ongoing efforts upgrade this project. Conclusions There total concentrations IDD school. Merv-13 appear decrease infection. identified areas improving
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
4
Sustainability, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 16(15), С. 6549 - 6549
Опубликована: Июль 31, 2024
Educational buildings tend to fail in the contagion containment of airborne infectious diseases because high number children, for several hours a day, inside enclosed environments that often have inadequate indoor air quality (IAQ) conditions. This study aimed assess environmental and test effectiveness portable cleaners (PACs) alleviating particle levels schools Central–Southern Spain during period reopening after lockdown due COVID-19 outbreak. To accomplish this, three sampling campaigns were organized from September December 2020 consistently monitor temperature relative humidity, carbon dioxide, particulate matter nineteen classrooms (seven school buildings). Results showed although recommendation maintaining windows open throughout day seemed be effective promoting, general, proper ventilation conditions (based on CO2 levels). For colder campaigns, this practice caused notorious thermal comfort impairment. In addition, great surveyed presented PM2.5 PM10, attributable outdoor sources, which exceeded current WHO guideline values. Moreover, considering having opened, installation 1 unit PACs per classroom was insufficient ensure reduction concentration safe levels. Importantly, it also found children different ages at education can exposed significantly their classrooms; thus, corrective measures employ each individual educational setting should reflect features needs target space/building.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
4