Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition), Год журнала: 2020, Номер 96(6), С. 299 - 315
Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2020
Язык: Английский
Frontiers in Neurology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12
Опубликована: Март 25, 2021
Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. mammals, light is perceived only by rods cones but also a subset of retinal ganglion cells that express photopigment melanopsin renders them intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs). ipRGCs participate in contrast detection play critical roles non-image-forming vision, set responses include circadian entrainment, pupillary reflex (PLR), modulation sleep/alertness, mood. are found human retina, their response to has been characterized indirectly through suppression nocturnal melatonin PLR. However, until recently, had rarely investigated directly. This gap progressively being filled as, over last years, an increasing number studies provided descriptions morphology, gene expression. Here, I review progress knowledge ipRGCs, different morphological functional subtypes described so far how they match murine subtypes. highlight questions remain be addressed. Investigating as these few major role well-being. Additionally, display increased vulnerability or resilience certain disorders compared conventional RGCs, deeper function could help identify therapeutic approaches develop diagnostic tools. Overall, better understanding eye will deliver precise usage recommendations implement light-based interventions improve cognitive performance, mood, life quality.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
110
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 78(3), С. 889 - 907
Опубликована: Сен. 23, 2020
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
135
Biology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 9(7), С. 180 - 180
Опубликована: Июль 21, 2020
Light around twilight provides the primary entrainment signal for circadian rhythms. Here we review mechanisms and responses of mouse human systems to light. Both utilize a network photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) expressing photopigment melanopsin (OPN4). In both species action spectra functional expression OPN4 in vitro show that has λmax close 480 nm. Anatomical findings demonstrate there are multiple pRGC sub-types, with some evidence mice, but little humans, regarding their roles regulating physiology behavior. Studies non-human primates rods cones project can modulate light pRGCs. Such an integration signals enables detect dim light, higher intensities intermittent exposure, whilst measures bright over extended periods time. Although photoreceptor similar, sensitivity thresholds differ markedly between mice humans. Mice entrain at approximately 1 lux few minutes, humans require high irradiance (>100's lux) long duration (>30 min). The basis this difference remains unclear. As our exposure is highly dynamic, because interactions complex difficult model, attempts develop evidence-based lighting enhance very challenging. A way forward will be define artificial natural "real world" where intensity, duration, spectral quality, time day, history age each assessed.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
124
Science, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 368(6490), С. 527 - 531
Опубликована: Апрель 30, 2020
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) drive diverse, light-evoked behaviors that range from conscious visual perception to subconscious, non-image-forming behaviors. It is thought RGCs primarily these functions through the release of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. We identified a subset melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs) in mice inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at brain targets. GABA ipRGCs dampened sensitivity both pupillary light reflex and circadian photoentrainment, thereby shifting dynamic higher levels. Our results identify an RGC population retina provide circuit-level mechanism contributes relative insensitivity low
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
93
Annual Review of Vision Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 8(1), С. 135 - 169
Опубликована: Апрель 6, 2022
Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into feature representations ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these to brain. Functional, morphological, and transcriptomic surveys have identified more than 40 retinal cell (RGC) types in mice. RGCs extract features varying complexity; some simply signal local differences brightness (i.e., luminance contrast), whereas others detect specific motion trajectories. To understand retina, we need know how give rise diverse RGC representations. A catalog set, turn, is fundamental understanding visual processing Anterograde tracing indicates that innervate 50 areas mouse Current maps connecting brain are rudimentary, as our signals transformed downstream guide behavior. In this article, I review selectivities RGCs, they arise, utilized downstream. Not only knowledge behavioral purpose critical for contributions vision; it can also us most relevant space.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
70
The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 528(12), С. 2044 - 2067
Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2020
Melanopsin ganglion cells have defied convention since their discovery almost 20 years ago. In the following, many types of these intrinsically photosensitive retinal (ipRGCs) emerged. mouse retina, there are currently six known (M1-M6) melanopsin cells, each with unique morphology, mosaics, connections, physiology, projections, and functions. While melanopsin-expressing usually associated behaviors like circadian photoentrainment pupillary light reflex, characterization multiple has demonstrated a reach that may extend far beyond non-image-forming vision. fact, studies shown individual potential to impact image-forming functions contrast sensitivity color opponency. Thus, goal this review is summarize morphological functional aspects in retina highlight respective roles Although cell do project brain targets, it important note only first step determining influence on Even so, visual system canonically been divided into two realms begun challenge boundary between them, providing an overlap information complementary rather than redundant. Further photoreceptors will no doubt continue illustrate ever-expanding role for
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
59
Journal of Experimental Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 224(23)
Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2021
Melanopsin is a visual pigment that expressed in small subset of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). It involved regulating non-image forming behaviors, such as circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex, while also playing role many aspects image-forming vision, contrast sensitivity. was initially discovered melanophores skin frog Xenopus, subsequently found rat, mouse primate retinas. ipRGCs were thought to be single cell population, melanopsin activate single, invertebrate-like Gq/transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)-based phototransduction cascade within these cells. However, 20 years since discovery melanopsin, our knowledge this has expanded dramatically. Six ipRGC subtypes have now been identified mouse, each with unique morphological, physiological functional properties. Multiple other species, suggesting type diversity general feature system. This led renewed interest may not follow Gq/TRPC or plethora organisms express photopigment. In Review, we discuss recent findings discoveries challenged prevailing view pathway influences solely functions.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
37
Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(1)
Опубликована: Март 17, 2023
Visual input to the hypothalamus from intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) influences several functions including circadian entrainment, body temperature, and sleep. ipRGCs also project nuclei such as supraoptic nucleus (SON), which is involved in systemic fluid homeostasis, maternal behavior, social behaviors, appetite. However, little known about SON-projecting or their relationship well-characterized ipRGC subtypes. Using a GlyT2
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
17
Cell Reports, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 39(13), С. 111003 - 111003
Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2022
Image- and non-image-forming vision are essential for animal behavior. Here we use genetically modified mouse lines to examine retinal circuits driving image- non-image-functions. We describe the outer underlying pupillary light response (PLR) circadian photoentrainment, two behaviors. Rods cones signal increments decrements through ON OFF pathways, respectively. find that pathway drives image-forming but cannot drive photoentrainment or PLR. Cone responses image formation fail At photopic levels, rods primary secondary rod pathways PLR, whereas at scotopic mesopic is insufficient. Circuit dynamics allow behaviors across a wide range of intensities, potentially restricted formation.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
20
Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15(1)
Опубликована: Дек. 30, 2024
The lamprey, a primitive jawless vertebrate whose ancestors diverged from all other vertebrates over 500 million years ago, offers unique window into the ancient formation of retina. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we characterize retinal cell types in lamprey and compare them to those mouse, chicken, zebrafish. We find six classes 74 distinct types, many shared with species. conservation indicates their emergence early evolution, highlighting primordial designs circuits for rod pathway, ON-OFF discrimination, direction selectivity. diversification amacrine some ganglion appears, however, be lamprey. further infer genetic regulators specifying identify ancestral regulatory elements across species, noting decreased cells. Altogether, our characterization retina illuminates evolutionary origin visual processing
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
5