While
the
natural
foods
of
western
honey
bee
(Apis
mellifera)
contain
diverse
phytochemicals,
in
contemporary
agroecosystems
bees
also
encounter
pesticides
as
floral
tissue
contaminants.
Whereas
some
ubiquitous
phytochemicals
up-regulate
detoxification
and
immunity
genes,
thereby
benefiting
nestmates,
many
agrochemical
adversely
affect
health
even
at
sublethal
levels.
How
assess
xenobiotic
risk
to
nestmates
they
forage
is
poorly
understood.
Accordingly,
we
tested
nine
nectar,
pollen,
or
propolis,
well
five
synthetic
xenobiotics
that
frequently
contaminate
hives-two
herbicides
(atrazine
glyphosate)
three
fungicides
(boscalid,
chlorothalonil,
prochloraz).
In
semi-field
free-flight
experiments,
were
offered
a
choice
between
paired
sugar
water
feeders
amended
with
either
solvent
only
(control).
Among
foragers
consistently
preferred
quercetin
all
concentrations
tested,
evidenced
by
both
visitation
frequency
consumption
rates.
This
preference
may
reflect
long
evolutionary
association
tissues.
Of
eliciting
response,
displayed
specific
for
glyphosate
chlorothalonil.
paradoxical
account
which
these
occur
hive
contaminants
suggests
present
greater
factor
than
previously
suspected.
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
8
Опубликована: Фев. 18, 2020
Managed
populations
of
the
European
honey
bee
(Apis
mellifera)
support
production
a
global
food
supply.
This
important
role
in
modern
agriculture
has
rendered
bees
vulnerable
to
noxious
effects
anthropogenic
stressors
such
as
pesticides.
Although
deleterious
outcomes
lethal
pesticide
exposure
on
health
and
performance
are
apparent,
ominous
sublethal
is
an
emerging
concern
well.
Here,
we
use
data
harvesting
approach
better
understand
toxicological
across
life
cycle.
Through
compiling
adult-
larval-specific
median
dose
(LD50)
values
from
93
published
sources,
LD50
estimates
for
insecticides,
herbicides,
acaricides,
fungicides
highly
variable
studies,
especially
herbicides
fungicides,
which
underrepresented
meta-data
set.
Alongside
major
discrepancies
these
reported
values,
further
examination
compiled
suggested
that
may
not
be
ideal
metric
risk
assessment.
We
also
discuss
how
exposure,
typically
measured
can
diminish
reproduction,
immunity,
cognition,
overall
physiological
functioning,
leading
suboptimal
population
reduction.
In
consideration
actionable
solutions
mitigate
have
identified
potential
probiotic
supplementation
promising
strategy
easily
incorporated
alongside
current
agricultural
infrastructure
apicultural
management
practices.
Probiotic
regularly
employed
apiculture
but
evidence-based
targeted
approaches
yet
been
fully
explored
within
formal
context.
benefits,
practical
considerations,
limitations
delivery
probiotics
hives.
Ultimately,
by
subverting
pesticides
help
improve
long-term
survival
critical
pollinators.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Год журнала:
2015,
Номер
35(2), С. 322 - 329
Опубликована: Окт. 8, 2015
Metal
pollution
has
been
increasing
rapidly
over
the
past
century,
and
at
same
time,
human
population
continued
to
rise
produce
contaminants
that
may
negatively
impact
pollinators.
Honey
bees
(Apis
mellifera
L.)
forage
large
areas
can
collect
from
environment.
The
primary
objective
of
present
study
was
determine
whether
metal
cadmium
(Cd),
copper
(Cu),
lead
(Pb),
selenium
(Se)
have
a
detrimental
effect
on
whole-colony
health
in
managed
pollinator
A.
mellifera.
authors
isolated
small
nucleus
colonies
under
cages
fed
them
an
exclusive
diet
sugar
syrup
pollen
patty
spiked
with
Cd,
Cu,
Pb,
Se
or
control
(no
additional
metal).
Treatment
levels
were
based
concentrations
honey
contaminated
hives
around
world.
They
measured
including
wax,
honey,
brood
production;
colony
weight;
survival;
accumulation
various
life
stages.
Colonies
treated
Cd
Cu
contained
more
dead
pupae
within
capped
cells
compared
control,
Se-treated
had
lower
total
worker
weights
control.
Lead
minimal
performance,
although
many
members
hive
accumulated
significant
quantities
metal.
By
examining
bee
as
social
organism
through
assessments
toxicity,
found
distribution
toxicants
throughout
varied
metal,
some
caste
susceptible
certain
metals,
colony's
ability
grow
time
reduced
presence
Se.
Apiaries
residing
near
metal-contaminated
be
risk
suffer
changes
dynamics
survival.
While
the
natural
foods
of
western
honey
bee
(Apis
mellifera)
contain
diverse
phytochemicals,
in
contemporary
agroecosystems
bees
also
encounter
pesticides
as
floral
tissue
contaminants.
Whereas
some
ubiquitous
phytochemicals
up-regulate
detoxification
and
immunity
genes,
thereby
benefiting
nestmates,
many
agrochemical
adversely
affect
health
even
at
sublethal
levels.
How
assess
xenobiotic
risk
to
nestmates
they
forage
is
poorly
understood.
Accordingly,
we
tested
nine
nectar,
pollen,
or
propolis,
well
five
synthetic
xenobiotics
that
frequently
contaminate
hives-two
herbicides
(atrazine
glyphosate)
three
fungicides
(boscalid,
chlorothalonil,
prochloraz).
In
semi-field
free-flight
experiments,
were
offered
a
choice
between
paired
sugar
water
feeders
amended
with
either
solvent
only
(control).
Among
foragers
consistently
preferred
quercetin
all
concentrations
tested,
evidenced
by
both
visitation
frequency
consumption
rates.
This
preference
may
reflect
long
evolutionary
association
tissues.
Of
eliciting
response,
displayed
specific
for
glyphosate
chlorothalonil.
paradoxical
account
which
these
occur
hive
contaminants
suggests
present
greater
factor
than
previously
suspected.
