Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(11), С. 9577 - 9577

Опубликована: Май 31, 2023

The human gut microbiome contains the largest number of bacteria in body and has potential to greatly influence metabolism, not only locally but also systemically. There is an established link between a healthy, balanced, diverse overall health. When becomes unbalanced (dysbiosis) through dietary changes, medication use, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, ageing, this profound effect on our health linked many diseases, including metabolic inflammatory neurological diseases. While humans largely association dysbiosis with disease, animal models, causative can be demonstrated. brain particularly important maintaining health, strong neurodegenerative neurodevelopmental This suggests that microbiota composition used make early diagnosis diseases modifying microbiome-gut-brain axis might present therapeutic target for have proved intractable, aim altering trajectory such as Alzheimer's Parkinson's multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity among others. other potentially reversible migraine, post-operative cognitive dysfunction, long COVID, which considered models therapy disease. role traditional methods microbiome, well newer, more novel treatments faecal transplants photobiomodulation, are discussed.

Язык: Английский

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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): a comprehensive review of dietary sources, enrichment technologies, processing effects, health benefits, and its applications

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 64(24), С. 8852 - 8874

Опубликована: Апрель 25, 2023

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a naturally occurring potential bioactive compound present in plants, microorganisms, animals, and humans. Especially, as main inhibitory neurotransmitter the central nervous system, GABA possesses broad spectrum of promising bioactivities. Thus, functional foods enriched with have been widely sought after by consumers. However, levels natural are usually low, which cannot meet people's demand for health effects. With increasing public awareness on food securities processes, using enrichment technologies to elevate contents instead exogenous addition can enhance acceptability health-conscious Herein, this review provides comprehensive insight dietary sources, technologies, processing effects GABA, its applications industry. Furthermore, various benefits GABA-enriched foods, mainly including neuroprotection, anti-insomnia, anti-depression, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory also summarized. The challenges future research related exploring high producing strains, enhancing stability during storage, developing emerging without affecting quality other active ingredients. A better understanding may introduce new windows application foods.

Язык: Английский

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The Role of Gut Microbiota in Various Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders—An Evidence Mapping Based on Quantified Evidence

Mediators of Inflammation, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 2023, С. 1 - 16

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2023

Background and Object. There is a growing body of evidence highlighting the significant role gut microbiota in various neurological psychiatric disorders. We performed an mapping to review association between different these disorders assessed strength for associations. Methods. searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos identify systematic reviews meta-analysis (SRs). diseases disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autism spectrum (ASD), anorexia nervosa (AN), bipolar (BD), eating (ED), generalized anxiety (GAD), major depressive (MDD), multiple (MS), obsessive compulsive (OCD), Parkinson’s (PD), posttraumatic stress (PTSD), spinal cord injury (SCI), schizophrenia, stroke. used A Measurement Tool Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR-2) evaluate quality included SRs. also created map showing certainty evidence. Results. In total, 42 studies were this mapping. Most findings obtained from observational studies. According AMSTAR-2 assessment, 21 SRs scored “critically low” terms methodological quality, 16 SR “low,” 5 “moderate.” total 15 have been investigated potential microbiome alpha diversity disease, with Shannon index Simpson being most widely studied. 12 link beta disease. At phylum level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia more researched. genus Prevotella, Coprococcus, Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Escherichia Shigella, Alistipes, Sutteralla, Veillonella, Odoribacter, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Dialister, Blautia Some found specific flora changes, some common intestinal microbiological changes. Conclusion. varied levels associations diseases; increased risk diseases, whereas others showed benefit that might be promising therapeutic targets such diseases.

Язык: Английский

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The Potential of Flavonoids and Flavonoid Metabolites in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Pathology in Disorders of Cognitive Decline

Antioxidants, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12(3), С. 663 - 663

Опубликована: Март 7, 2023

Flavonoids are a biodiverse family of dietary compounds that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial cell protective profiles. They received considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents in biomedicine been widely used traditional complimentary medicine for generations. Such medical herbal formulations extremely complex mixtures many pharmacologically active provide outcome through network pharmacological effects complexity. Methods emerging to determine the components their targets decipher complexities how pharmacology provides such effects. The gut microbiome has important roles play generation bioactive flavonoid metabolites retaining or exceeding antioxidative anti-inflammatory properties intact and, some cases, new antitumor antineurodegenerative bioactivities. Certain food items identified with high prebiotic profiles suggesting neutraceutical supplementation may be beneficially employed preserve healthy population bacterial symbiont species minimize establishment harmful pathogenic organisms. Gut health is an consideration effecting overall wellbeing linked organ systems. Bioconversion generates can also transported by vagus nerve systemic circulation brain populations exert beneficial effect. This particularly number neurological disorders (autism, bipolar disorder, AD, PD) characterized on moods, resulting depression anxiety, impaired motor function, long-term cognitive decline. Native flavonoids alleviation inflammation tissues, however, concerns raised levels not achieved, thus allowing them display optimal Dietary manipulation vagal stimulation both yielded responses treatment autism spectrum disorders, depression, establishing route communication gut-brain axis established disease intervention. While native known penetrate blood–brain barrier, microbiome-generated (e.g., protocatechuic acid, urolithins, γ-valerolactones), which retain antioxidant potency addition promote mitochondrial cerebrovascular microcapillary should considered biotherapeutic agents. Studies warranted experimentally examine efficacy directly, they emerge novel options.

Язык: Английский

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Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and depression: deep insight into biological mechanisms and potential applications

General Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 37(1), С. e101374 - e101374

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2024

The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem known as the ‘second brain’. Composing microbiota-gut-brain axis, its metabolites regulate central nervous system through neural, endocrine immune pathways to ensure normal functioning of organism, tuning individuals’ health disease status. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), main bioactive microbiota, are involved in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. SCFAs have essential effects on each component axis In present review, roles major (acetate, propionate butyrate) pathophysiology depression summarised with respect chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, neuroinflammation, host epigenome neuroendocrine alterations. Concluding remarks biological mechanisms related will hopefully address clinical value microbiota-related treatments for

Язык: Английский

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