What
determines
where
to
move
the
eyes?
We
recently
showed
that
pupil
size,
a
well-established
marker
of
effort,
also
reflects
effort
associated
with
making
saccade
(‘saccade
costs’).
Here,
we
demonstrate
costs
critically
drive
selection:
when
choosing
between
any
two
directions,
least
costly
direction
was
consistently
preferred.
Strikingly,
this
principle
even
held
during
search
in
natural
scenes
additional
experiments.
When
increasing
cognitive
demand
experimentally
through
an
auditory
counting
task,
participants
made
fewer
saccades
and
especially
cut
directions.
This
suggests
eye-movement
system
other
operations
consume
similar
resources
are
flexibly
allocated
among
each
as
changes.
Together,
argue
behavior
is
tuned
adaptively
minimize
saccade-inherent
effort.
Nature Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
26(10), С. 1805 - 1819
Опубликована: Сен. 21, 2023
The
prefrontal
cortex
(PFC)
enables
mammals
to
respond
situations,
including
internal
states,
with
appropriate
actions.
One
such
state
could
be
'tiredness'.
Here,
using
activity
tagging
in
the
mouse
PFC,
we
identified
particularly
excitable,
fast-spiking,
somatostatin-expressing,
γ-aminobutyric
acid
(GABA)
(PFC
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
121(27)
Опубликована: Июнь 18, 2024
Psychosocial
experiences
affect
brain
health
and
aging
trajectories,
but
the
molecular
pathways
underlying
these
associations
remain
unclear.
Normal
function
relies
on
energy
transformation
by
mitochondria
oxidative
phosphorylation
(OxPhos).
Two
main
lines
of
evidence
position
both
as
targets
drivers
psychosocial
experiences.
On
one
hand,
chronic
stress
exposure
mood
states
may
alter
multiple
aspects
mitochondrial
biology;
other
functional
variations
in
OxPhos
capacity
social
behavior,
reactivity,
mood.
But
are
exposures
subjective
linked
to
biology
human
brain?
By
combining
longitudinal
antemortem
assessments
factors
with
postmortem
(dorsolateral
prefrontal
cortex)
proteomics
older
adults,
we
find
that
higher
well-being
is
greater
abundance
machinery,
whereas
negative
lower
protein
content.
Combined,
positive
explained
18
25%
variance
complex
I,
primary
biochemical
entry
point
energizes
mitochondria.
Moreover,
interrogating
psychobiological
specific
neuronal
nonneuronal
cells
single-nucleus
RNA
sequencing
(RNA-seq)
revealed
strong
cell-type-specific
for
glia
opposite
neurons.
As
a
result,
“mind-mitochondria”
were
masked
bulk
RNA-seq,
highlighting
likely
underestimation
true
effect
sizes
tissues.
Thus,
self-reported
phenotypes.
Biological Psychiatry,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
95(11), С. 1030 - 1037
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2024
Although
mental
effort
is
a
frequently
used
term,
it
poorly
defined
and
understood.
Consequently,
its
usage
loose
potentially
misleading.
In
neuroscience
research,
the
term
to
mean
both
cognitive
'work'
that
done
in
meeting
task
demands,
subjective
experience
of
performing
work.
We
argue
conflating
these
two
meanings
hampers
progress
understanding
impairments
neuropsychiatric
conditions,
because
work
have
distinct
underlying
mechanisms.
suggest
most
coherent
clinically
useful
perspective
on
experience.
This
makes
clear
distinction
between
arising
from
changes
apparatus,
as
dementia
brain
injury,
those
difficulties
carrying
out
work,
attention
deficit
hyperactivity
disorder,
depression,
other
motivational
disorders.
review
recent
advances
suggesting
has
emerged
control
switches
so
minimise
'costs'
relative
'benefits.'
consider
how
can
contribute
our
increased
perception
clinical
populations.
more
specific
framing
will
offer
deeper
mechanisms
differing
groups,
ultimately
facilitate
better
therapeutic
interventions.
Cognition,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
257, С. 106065 - 106065
Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2025
Efficiency
demands
that
we
work
smarter
and
not
harder,
but
is
this
better
for
our
wellbeing?
Here,
ask
if
exerting
effort
on
a
task
can
increase
feelings
of
meaning
purpose.
In
six
studies
(N
=
2883),
manipulated
how
much
participants
exerted
then
assessed
meaningful
they
found
those
tasks.
Studies
1
2,
presented
hypothetical
scenarios
whereby
imagined
themselves
(or
others)
more
or
less
writing
task,
asked
believed
would
derive.
Study
3,
randomly
assigned
to
complete
inherently
meaningless
tasks
were
harder
easier
complete,
again
them
the
4
varied
difficulty
assignment
by
involving
excluding
ChatGPT
assistance
evaluated
its
meaningfulness.
5
investigated
cognitive
dissonance
as
potential
explanatory
mechanism.
6,
tested
shape
effort-meaning
relationship.
all
studies,
exerting),
derived
deriving),
though
results
6
show
only
up
point.
These
suggest
causal
link,
begets
meaning.
They
also
part
reason
link
exists
feeling
competence
mastery,
although
evidence
preliminary
inconsistent.
We
no
effects
caused
post-hoc
justification
(i.e.,
dissonance).
Effort,
beyond
being
mere
cost,
source
personal
value,
fundamentally
influencing
individuals
observers
perceive
derive
satisfaction
from
What
determines
where
to
move
the
eyes?
We
recently
showed
that
pupil
size,
a
well-established
marker
of
effort,
also
reflects
effort
associated
with
making
saccade
(’saccade
costs’).
Here
we
demonstrate
costs
critically
drive
selection:
when
choosing
between
any
two
directions,
least
costly
direction
was
consistently
preferred.
Strikingly,
this
principle
even
held
during
search
in
natural
scenes
additional
experiments.
When
increasing
cognitive
demand
experimentally
through
an
auditory
counting
task,
participants
made
fewer
saccades
and
especially
cut
directions.
This
suggests
eye-movement
system
other
operations
consume
similar
resources
are
flexibly
allocated
among
each
as
changes.
Together,
argue
behavior
is
tuned
adaptively
minimize
saccade-inherent
effort.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
155, С. 105465 - 105465
Опубликована: Ноя. 15, 2023
Wakefulness,
non-rapid
eye-movement
(NREM)
and
rapid
(REM)
sleep
differ
from
each
other
along
three
dimensions:
behavioral,
phenomenological,
physiological.
Although
these
dimensions
often
fluctuate
in
step,
they
can
also
dissociate.
The
current
paradigm
that
views
as
made
of
global
NREM
REM
states
fail
to
account
for
dissociations.
This
conundrum
be
dissolved
by
stressing
the
existence
significance
local
regulation
sleep.
We
will
review
evidence
animals
humans,
healthy
pathological
brains,
showing
different
forms
consequences
on
behavior,
cognition,
subjective
experience.
Altogether,
we
argue
notion
provides
a
unified
host
phenomena:
dreaming
sleep,
parasomnias,
intrasleep
responsiveness,
inattention
mind
wandering
wakefulness.
Yet,
physiological
origins
or
its
putative
functions
remain
unclear.
Exploring
further
could
provide
unique
novel
perspective
how
why
Psychological Science,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
34(8), С. 887 - 898
Опубликована: Июнь 14, 2023
Attention
can
be
shifted
with
or
without
an
accompanying
saccade
(i.e.,
overtly
covertly,
respectively).
Thus
far,
it
is
unknown
how
cognitively
costly
these
shifts
are,
yet
such
quantification
necessary
to
understand
and
when
attention
deployed
covertly.
In
our
first
experiment
(N
=
24
adults),
we
used
pupillometry
show
that
shifting
more
than
likely
because
planning
saccades
complex.
We
pose
differential
costs
will,
in
part,
determine
whether
covertly
a
given
context.
A
subsequent
adults)
showed
relatively
complex
oblique
are
simple
horizontal
vertical
directions.
This
provides
possible
explanation
for
the
cardinal-direction
bias
of
saccades.
The
utility
cost
perspective
as
presented
here
vital
furthering
understanding
multitude
decisions
involved
processing
interacting
external
world
efficiently.
Journal of Green Building,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
18(2), С. 65 - 88
Опубликована: Март 1, 2023
ABSTRACT
Complex
stimuli
in
urban
environments
often
lead
to
cognitive
fatigue
residents.
As
a
result,
there
is
growing
demand
from
residents
for
restorative
environments.
Previous
research
has
shown
that
the
pure
natural
environment
wild
can
help
people
achieve
restoration.
However,
little
attention
been
paid
restoration
through
exposure
green
infrastructure.
Based
on
Attention
Restoration
Theory
(ART),
this
study
conducted
an
eye-tracking
experiment
controlled
laboratory
investigate
effects
of
two
view
types,
infrastructure
and
urban,
individuals’
The
results
show
positive
effect
functioning
participants
experiment.
reflected
directed
attention.
Less
effort
important
factor
contributing
Nature-relatedness
plays
vital
role
eye
movement
behaviour
individuals
when
viewing
landscape
pictures
benefits
cognition.
Strategic Organization,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
22(1), С. 189 - 210
Опубликована: Март 17, 2023
This
essay
integrates
emotions
into
the
attention-based
view
of
firm
to
enhance
theory’s
explanatory
power
and
open
a
generative
path
for
future
research.
Organizational
structures
communicative
practices
shape
organization
leaders’
members’
emotions.
These
influence
their
attentional
engagement.
Structures
via
two
main
paths:
(1)
perceived
issue
or
initiative
characteristics,
which
specific
toward
initiative,
(2)
socially
constructed
context
interaction
about
influences
emotional
energy
leaders
members
associate
with
initiative.
The
resulting
engagement
over
three
time
horizons:
immediately
in
triggering
situation,
recurringly
after
through
creation
additional
that
