Novel technologies uncover novel ‘anti’-microbial peptides in Hydra shaping the species-specific microbiome

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 379(1901)

Опубликована: Март 18, 2024

The freshwater polyp Hydra uses an elaborate innate immune machinery to maintain its specific microbiome. Major components of this toolkit are conserved Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated pathways and species-specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Our study harnesses advanced technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing machine learning, uncover a high complexity the 's AMPs repertoire. Functional analysis reveals that these against diverse members microbiome expressed in spatially controlled pattern. Notably, outer epithelial layer, produced mainly neurons. neuron-derived secreted directly into glycocalyx, habitat for symbiotic bacteria, display selectivity spatial restriction expression. In endodermal contrast, cells produce abundance different including arminin hydramacin families, while gland secrete kazal-type protease inhibitors. Since layer lines gastric cavity devoid we assume endodermally protect from intruding pathogens. conclusion, employs complex set distinct tissue layers cell types combat pathogens stable organized This article is part theme issue ‘Sculpting microbiome: how host factors determine respond microbial colonization’.

Язык: Английский

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A new look at the architecture and dynamics of the Hydra nerve net

eLife, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 12

Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2024

The Hydra nervous system is the paradigm of a ‘simple nerve net’. Nerve cells in , as many cnidarian polyps, are organized net extending throughout body column. This required for control spontaneous behavior: elimination leads to polyps that do not move and incapable capturing ingesting prey (Campbell, 1976). We have re-examined structure by immunostaining fixed with novel antibody stains all . Confocal imaging shows there two distinct nets, one ectoderm endoderm, unexpected absence endoderm tentacles. nets contact each other. High-resolution TEM (transmission electron microscopy) serial block face SEM (scanning show consist bundles parallel overlapping neurites. Results from transgenic lines neurite include different neural circuits hence neurites require circuit-specific recognition. cell-specific innexins indicate gap junctions can provide this specificity. occurrence supports model continuous growth differentiation lateral addition new existing net. was confirmed tracking newly differentiated cells.

Язык: Английский

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Satiety controls behavior in Hydra through an interplay of pre-enteric and central nervous system-like neuron populations

Cell Reports, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 43(6), С. 114210 - 114210

Опубликована: Май 23, 2024

Hunger and satiety can have an influence on decision-making, sensory processing, motor behavior by altering the internal state of brain. This process necessitates integration peripheral stimuli into central nervous system. Here, we show how animals without a system such as cnidarian Hydra measure integrate neuronal circuits which specific populations are involved. We demonstrate that this simple system, previously referred to diffuse, has endodermal subpopulation (N4) similar enteric (feeding-associated behavior) ectodermal population (N3) performs system-like functions (physiology/motor). view supposedly could open important window origin more complex systems.

Язык: Английский

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Symbiont‐Mediated Metabolic Shift in the Sea Anemone Anthopleura elegantissima

Molecular Ecology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 17, 2025

ABSTRACT Coral reefs and their photosynthetic algae form one of the most ecologically economically impactful symbioses in animal kingdom. The stability this nutritional mutualism ecosystem is, however, at risk due to increasing sea surface temperatures that cause corals expel symbionts. Symbioses with these microeukaryotes have independently evolved multiple times, non‐coral cnidarians (e.g., anemones) serve as a valuable insightful comparative system ease husbandry laboratory ability shuffle different strains photosymbionts acclimate thermal conditions. This breadth symbiont shuffling is exemplified by anemone Anthopleura elegantissima , which naturally occurs symbiosis dinoflagellate Breviolum muscatinei (formerly Symbiodinium ) or chlorophyte Elliptochloris marina well being aposymbiotic. Here, we assembled draft genome used multi‐omics characterise physiological levels each phenotype. We find A. has symbiont‐specific transcriptional metabolomic signatures, but similar bacterial community dominated single Sphingomonas species commonly found cnidarian microbiome. Symbiosis either eukaryotic resulted differential gene expression metabolic abundance for diverse processes spanning metabolism immunity reproduction development, some unique symbiont. culture its phylogenetically divergent perform experimental manipulations makes another tractable decode symbiotic conversations coral reef ecosystems aid wider conservation efforts.

Язык: Английский

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New Perspectives on Semiconducting Conjugated Oligomers for Neuromodulation in Hydra vulgaris

Advanced Materials Interfaces, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 22, 2025

Abstract A general overview is provided on the neuromodulatory function of thiophene‐based semiconductors discovered and characterized in invertebrate model organism, cnidarian Hydra vulgaris . The small freshwater polyp an attractive animal for neuromodulation due to its simple body anatomy a nervous system with hundreds thousands neurons organized distinct circuits, each controlling limited set behaviors. With aim characterizing polymerization trimers soft tissues this model, unexpected behavior observed addition polymerization, involved possible underlying mechanisms are identified. To date, action these compounds other vivo models has not been observed. Here, recent data double showed by summarized, from into conductive structures driven endogenous enzymatic activities specific neuronal circuits. open intriguing research possibilities offered organism field organic bioelectronics both situ production conducting interfaces influence biological processes functions.

Язык: Английский

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A new look at the architecture and dynamics of the Hydra nerve net

eLife, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12

Опубликована: Июнь 20, 2023

The Hydra nervous system is the paradigm of a 'simple nerve net'. Nerve cells in Hydra, as many cnidarian polyps, are organized net extending throughout body column. This required for control spontaneous behavior: elimination leads to polyps that do not move and incapable capturing ingesting prey (Campbell, 1976). We have re-examined structure by immunostaining fixed with novel antibody stains all Hydra. Confocal imaging shows there two distinct nets, one ectoderm endoderm, unexpected absence endoderm tentacles. nets contact each other. High-resolution TEM (transmission electron microscopy) serial block face SEM (scanning show consist bundles parallel overlapping neurites. Results from transgenic lines neurite include different neural circuits hence neurites require circuit-specific recognition. cell-specific innexins indicate gap junctions can provide this specificity. occurrence supports model continuous growth differentiation lateral addition new existing net. was confirmed tracking newly differentiated cells.

Язык: Английский

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Evolution: Neuronal control of an archaic mouth

Current Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 33(24), С. R1304 - R1306

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Hunger and satiety: Neuronal dynamics in Hydra behavior

Cell Reports, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 43(6), С. 114264 - 114264

Опубликована: Май 23, 2024

Hormonal and neuronal inputs to the brain control how much animals eat. The origins of this behavior were unclear, but in issue Cell Reports, Giez et al.1Giez C. Noack Sakib E. Hofacker L.-M. Repnik U. Bramkamp M. Bosch T.C.G. Satiety controls Hydra through an interplay pre-enteric central nervous system-like neuron populations.Cell Rep. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114210Abstract Full Text PDF Google Scholar describe specific neurons inhibiting feeding evolutionary ancient without brain. Human animal centers around essential need for food. This leads appetite hunger, internal states ensuring energy replenishment until sufficient levels are reached that induce satiety. Concurrently, regulating food intake, terms quantity timing, is vital prevent adverse effects. Various mechanisms have evolved appetite, feeding. In vertebrates, hormones such as ghrelin leptin mediate satiety while hypothalamus hippocampus maintain homeostatic between two states.2Wee R.W.S. Mishchanchuk K. AlSubaie R. Church T.W. Gold M.G. MacAskill A.F. Internal-state-dependent via hippocampal signaling.Neuron. 112: 288-305.e7https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.016Abstract PubMed Scopus (3) regulation also manifests insects,3Odell S.R. Clark D. Zito N. Jain Gong H. Warnock Carrion-Lopez Maixner Prieto-Godino L. Mathew Internal state affects local function early sensory processing center shape olfactory Drosophila larvae.Sci. 2022; 1215767https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20147-1Crossref (2) yet these pivotal neural circuits remain largely elusive. Recent publications shown Cnidaria (the sister group Bilateria) already display a spectrum behaviors,4Yuste Breaking code cnidarian: Learning principles neuroscience from "vulgar" Hydra.Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 86102869https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2024.102869Crossref (0) encompassing larval predation responses satiety.5Maegele I. Rupp S. Özbek Guse A. Hambleton E.A. Holstein A predatory gastrula symbiosis-independent settlement Aiptasia.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2023; 120e2311872120https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2311872120Crossref (4) their article Reports,1Giez colleagues now made substantial progress our understanding hunger-satiety homeostasis one simplest systems known. They hunger freshwater polyp (Cnidaria). system comprises 200–2000 bi- multipolar young mature polyps organized simple network with higher density at oral aboral ends, or any other ganglia-like centralization4Yuste Scholar,6Holstein stem cell - Revisited.Cells Dev. 174203846https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203846Crossref Scholar,7Keramidioti Schneid Busse Cramer von Laue Bertulat B. Salvenmoser W. Hess Alexandrova O. Glauber K.M. Steele R.E. al.A new look architecture dynamics nerve net.Elife. 12https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.87330Crossref (see Figure 1). Neurons form both chemical electrical synapses release transmitters neuropeptides.4Yuste Despite organization, exhibit range behavioral patterns, including Hunting mediated by cnidocytes, highly specialized neurosecretory cells used prey capture defense.8Bosch Klimovich Domazet-Lošo T. Gründer Jékely G. Miller D.J. Murillo-Rincon A.P. Rentzsch F. Richards G.S. al.Back Basics: Cnidarians Start Fire.Trends Neurosci. 2017; 40: 92-105https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.005Abstract (78) Both cnidocytes derived interstitial cells; they constantly forming reorganizing due continuous growth tissue flow during asexual reproduction (budding), which requires high degree plasticity.6Holstein Scholar,8Bosch ability image activity epitheliomuscular using Ca2+ imaging has revealed Hydra's subdivided into distinct networks,4Yuste Scholar,9Giez Pinkle Giencke Y. Wittlieb J. Herbst Spratte Lachnit Selhuber-Unkel Multiple populations eating responsive microbial signals.Curr. Biol. 33: 5288-5303.e6https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.038Abstract opening up possibility investigating basis different states. basic readout study animals' hunting behavior, consists successive phases capture, tentacle movements, mouth opening. Prey initiated when comes contact ciliary chemo-mechano-sensor embedded tentacles8Bosch discharge hungry animals, injuring prey, releases reduced glutathione (GSH), among substances. previous laboratory, primarily focused on head region Hydra, showed opening, can be triggered exposing GSH, N6 cells, followed ganglion endodermal N4 become activated.9Giez complex mirrors live stimuli failed well-fed lacking do not respond GSH.9Giez While fact response strongly inhibited fed long-known phenomenon, was understood so far. To activation upon satiation, transgenic lines calcium reporters (GCaMP6s) established under promoters originally identified single-cell sequencing ectoderm (N6, N3, N1) endoderm (N4).1Giez analysis combined ablation experiments nitro-reductase (NTR)-metronidazole approach, allowed functional dissection circuits. These subpopulation (N4) governs feeding-related ectodermal subpopulations (N1, N6) involved physiology motor activity.1Giez population, enriched neurons, had its highest regulated dynamics.1Giez N3 population significant change compared lower frequency starved polyps, i.e., spiking pattern more regular after Analysis circuit hierarchy demonstrated behaviors attributed (such somersault, foot detachment, stretching glutathione-induced response) influenced satiety, observed experiments. suggests dominant role network, reminiscent enteric Bilateria, encodes overall metabolic state, indicating regulatory satiety.1Giez striking difference Bilateria appears interaction neurons.1Giez No physical interactions7Keramidioti direct interdependencies germ layers been reported Cnidaria. indicates if connections exist, must extremely rare. authors speculate presence neurites extending mesoglea volume transmission communication pathway layers, there no physiological evidence this. However, connect each epithelial muscle themselves. projections gap junctions enable exchange small molecules signals. Because junctions7Keramidioti conduct signals, connection would interesting coupling investigate further.1Giez classical neurotransmitters GABA/dopamine, genes key enzymes GABA/dopamine synthesis expressed only support scenario.1Giez possible involvement opens scenario type evolution according could still possess some functions Cnidaria, purely Bilateria. future, it will important analyze distributed anthozoans, basal clade whose larvae earliest developmental stage on.5Maegele competing interests declare. populationsGiez al.Cell ReportsMay 23, 2024In BriefGiez al. demonstrate ancestral metazoan controlled patterns. show either pre-enteric- functions. contributes system. Full-Text Open Access

Язык: Английский

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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of development and regeneration

Development, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 151(11)

Опубликована: Май 31, 2024

ABSTRACT Regeneration involves a highly coordinated interplay of intricate cellular processes, enabling living organisms to renew and repair themselves, from individual cells entire ecosystems. Further, regeneration offers profound insights into developmental biology, tissue engineering regenerative medicine. The Cellular Molecular Mechanisms Development (CMMDR) 2024 conference, which took place at the Shiv Nadar Institute Eminence University (India), gathered together an international array researchers studying wide variety across both plant animal kingdoms. In this short Meeting Review, we highlight some outstanding research presented conference draw common themes that emerged.

Язык: Английский

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A functional network model for body column neural connectivity in Hydra

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Июнь 27, 2024

Abstract Hydra is a non-senescent animal with relatively small number of cell types and overall low structural complexity, but surprisingly rich behavioral repertoire. The main drivers ’s behavior are neurons that arranged in two nerve nets comprising several distinct neuronal populations. Among these populations the ectodermal net N3 which located throughout animal. It has been shown necessary sufficient for complex somersaulting also involved feeding behavior. Despite being jack-of-all-trades, there insufficient knowledge on coupling structure N3, its connectome, role activity propagation function. We construct model connectome part body column. Using experimental data placement somata spatial dimensions column, we show generative network combining non-random preferred orientation primary neurites yields good agreement experimentally observed distributions connection distances, angles, per neuron. Having validated this fashion, place simple excitable dynamical each node column it generates directed, short-lived, fast propagating patterns activity. In addition, by slightly changing parameters model, same can generate persistent Finally, use neuromorphic circuit based Morris-Lecar to can, addition through-conductance biologically plausible time scales, host pattern related somersaulting. speculate such different regimes act as substrates functional roles allowing exhibit complexity nervous system does not possess modules or hubs.

Язык: Английский

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