Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects

Archives of Toxicology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Ноя. 20, 2024

Abstract Heavy metals are naturally occurring components of the Earth’s crust and persistent environmental pollutants. Human exposure to heavy occurs via various pathways, including inhalation air/dust particles, ingesting contaminated water or soil, through food chain. Their bioaccumulation may lead diverse toxic effects affecting different body tissues organ systems. The toxicity depends on properties given metal, dose, route, duration (acute chronic), extent bioaccumulation. detrimental impacts human health largely linked their capacity interfere with antioxidant defense mechanisms, primarily interaction intracellular glutathione (GSH) sulfhydryl groups (R-SH) enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, peroxidase (GPx), reductase (GR), other enzyme Although arsenic (As) is believed bind directly critical thiols, alternative hydrogen peroxide production processes have also been postulated. known signaling pathways affect a variety cellular processes, cell growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, apoptosis. For example, cadmium can BLC-2 family proteins involved in mitochondrial death overexpression antiapoptotic Bcl-2 suppression proapoptotic (BAX, BAK) thus increasing resistance cells undergo malignant transformation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2) an important regulator enzymes, level oxidative stress, oxidants has shown act double-edged sword response arsenic-induced stress. Another mechanism significant threats metal (e.g., Pb) involves substitution essential calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe)) structurally similar (Cd) (Pb)) metal-binding sites proteins. Displaced redox (copper, iron, manganese) from natural catalyze decomposition Fenton reaction generate damaging ROS hydroxyl radicals, causing damage lipids, proteins, DNA. Conversely, some metals, cadmium, suppress synthesis nitric oxide radical (NO · ), manifested by altered vasorelaxation and, consequently, blood pressure regulation. Pb-induced stress be indirectly responsible for depletion due its (O ·− resulting formation potent biological oxidant, peroxynitrite (ONOO − ). This review comprehensively discusses mechanisms effects. Aluminum (Al), (Cd), (As), mercury (Hg), (Pb), chromium (Cr) roles development gastrointestinal, pulmonary, kidney, reproductive, neurodegenerative (Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s diseases), cardiovascular, cancer (e.g. renal, lung, skin, stomach) diseases discussed. A short account devoted detoxification chelation use ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA), dimercaprol (BAL), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic (DMSA), 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane sulfonic (DMPS), penicillamine chelators.

Язык: Английский

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Ferroptosis: a potential target for the treatment of atherosclerosis

Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2024

Atherosclerosis (AS), the main contributor to acute cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, is characterized by necrotic core formation plaque instability induced cell death. The mechanisms of death in AS have recently been identified elucidated. Ferroptosis, a novel iron-dependent form death, has proven participate atherosclerotic progression increasing endothelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, accumulated intracellular iron activates various signaling pathways or risk factors for AS, abnormal metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, which can eventually lead disordered function macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, cells. However, molecular through ferroptosis affects development are not entirely understood. This review systematically summarizes interactions between provides feasible approach inhibiting from perspective ferroptosis.

Язык: Английский

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Selenium‐ and zinc‐biofortified bean sprouts improve cognitive dysfunction in aging mice by reducing oxidative stress

Journal of Food Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 90(3)

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Currently, age-related diseases are a serious global health problem. In this study, selenium- and zinc-biofortified bean sprouts (ZSB) were cultivated, the intervention effect on cognitive dysfunction was explored in aging mice model established by combining AlCl3 d-galactose treatment. The results showed that compared with group, ZSB could decrease accumulation of Al increase Zn Se mice. levels serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase liver acetylcholine brain significantly increased (p < 0.05) after treatments biofortified sprouts. Additionally, treatment reduced level lipid peroxidation inhibited deposition Aβ1-40 activity acetylcholinesterase. It also abundance lactic acid bacteria cecum inhibit proliferation Escherichia coli, then content short-chain fatty acids increased. More importantly, hippocampal neuron damage reversed, correct rate spontaneous behavior alternations 35% Overall, can effectively slow down process through variety ways, which provide countermeasures for delaying aging.

Язык: Английский

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Composition of energy drinks

Elsevier eBooks, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 73 - 94

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Retinal toxicity of heavy metals and its involvement in retinal pathology

Food and Chemical Toxicology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 188, С. 114685 - 114685

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Metal Toxicity and Dementia Including Frontotemporal Dementia: Current State of Knowledge

Antioxidants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(8), С. 938 - 938

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2024

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) includes a number of neurodegenerative diseases, often with early onset (before 65 years old), characterized by progressive, irreversible deficits in behavioral, linguistic, and executive functions, which are difficult to diagnose due their similar phenotypic characteristics other dementias psychiatric disorders. The genetic contribution is utmost importance, although environmental risk factors also play role its pathophysiology. In fact, some metals known produce free radicals, which, accumulating the brain over time, can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, protein misfolding, all these being key features FTD conditions. Therefore, present review aims summarize current evidence about FTD-mainly dealing toxic metal exposure-since identification such potential lead diagnosis promotion policies interventions. This would allow us, reducing exposure pollutants, potentially affect society at large positive manner, decreasing burden conditions on affected individuals overall. Future perspectives, including application Artificial Intelligence principles field, related found so far, introduced.

Язык: Английский

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Myocardial Deposition of Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Accelerates Heart Failure and Alters UPRmt in Humans

Toxicology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 154033 - 154033

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

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