Mycotoxin patulin contamination in various fruits and estimating its dietary impact on the consumers: From orchard to table
Heliyon,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
10(10), С. e30252 - e30252
Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2024
The
present
research
examined
patulin's
presence
across
the
whole
supply
chain
of
selected
fruits.
A
comprehensive
analysis
was
conducted
on
442
samples
fruits
(oranges,
apples,
apricots,
lemons,
and
guava)
to
determine
patulin
contamination.
This
used
Liquid
Chromatography
(HPLC)
with
a
UV
detector.
findings
indicate
that
17,
23,
28
%
fruit
tested
positive
for
levels
in
farm,
transportation,
market
samples.
However,
sample
collected
during
transportation
step
showed
56
(percentage
samples)
have
greater
than
50
μg/kg,
41
μg/kg
one-way
variance
indicated
no
statistically
significant
variation
existed
between
amounts
various
stages
food
system
(p
>
0.05).
Nevertheless,
correlation
study,
namely
Kendall's
tau_b
Spearman's
rho,
denote
robust
association
system.
apple
exhibited
most
average
dietary
intake
patulin,
an
value
0.11
bw/day.
maximum
mean
hazard
quotient
(HQ)
0.28
also
recorded.
prevalence
incidence
specific
were
found
be
relatively
high,
it
observed
had
elevated
Язык: Английский
Determination of Ketamine, Fluoroketamine, Norketamine, and 2-Norfluoro-ketamine in Urine using Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
20(1), С. 22 - 28
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
Objective::
This
study
aimed
to
establish
a
simple,
reliable,
and
sensitive
method
for
detecting
ketamine,
fluoroketamine,
their
metabolites
in
urine
using
UPLC-MS/MS.
Methods::
The
chromatographic
separation
was
performed
on
UPLC
BEH
C18
(50
mm
×
2.1
mm,
1.7
μm)
at
column
temperature
of
40°C.
mobile
phase
consisted
0.1%
formic
acid
aqueous
solution
acetonitrile,
with
flow
rate
set
0.4
mL/min,
following
specific
elution
procedure.
A
sample
treated
midazolam
used
as
an
internal
standard.
Multiple
reaction
monitoring
quantitative
analysis.
Results::
Ketamine,
norketamine,
2-norfluoro-ketamine
exhibited
linearity
(r>0.99)
within
the
concentration
range
5–2000
ng/mL.
Intra-day
inter-day
precisions
were
9%
or
less
12%
less,
respectively.
accuracy
ranged
from
92
107%.
Mean
recoveries
above
76%.
measured
matrix
effect
between
85
104%.
Conclusion::
PLC-MS/MS
successfully
developed
determine
metabolite
rat
urine.
Язык: Английский