Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Current Issues in Molecular Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 46(3), С. 2320 - 2342

Опубликована: Март 11, 2024

Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns field of ginseng research and development, as well ginsenoside-related dietary supplements products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc are generally used substrate generate via several bioconversion processes. Current shows wide range pharmacological actions, including boosting osteogenesis, lipid glucose metabolism, oxidation, insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory anti-apoptosis properties. Further on bioavailability toxicology can advance its medicinal application. The purpose this review lay groundwork for future clinical studies development therapy disorders. Furthermore, pharmacology investigated review. findings indicate modulates signaling pathways associated AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, NF-kB. It also demonstrates positive therapeutic effect non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, complications, osteoporosis. Additionally, analogues showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, efficacy against states. Enhancing regulating hazardous variables crucial use trials.

Язык: Английский

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The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans

Biomolecules, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(10), С. 1320 - 1320

Опубликована: Окт. 17, 2024

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has prompted a massive global vaccination campaign, leading to the rapid development and deployment of several vaccines. Various COVID-19 vaccines are under different phases clinical trials include whole virus or its parts like DNA, mRNA, protein subunits administered directly through vectors. Beginning in 2020, few mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 Moderna mRNA-1273) adenovirus-based (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S Janssen Ad26.COV2.S) were recommended WHO for emergency use before completion phase 3 4 trials. These mostly two three doses at defined frequency between doses. While these vaccines, mainly based on viral nucleic acids conferred protection against progression SARS-CoV-2 infection into COVID-19, prevented death due disease, their also been accompanied plethora side effects. Common effects localized reactions such as pain injection site, well systemic fever, fatigue, headache. symptoms generally mild moderate resolve within days. However, rare but more serious have reported, including allergic anaphylaxis and, some cases, myocarditis pericarditis, particularly younger males. Ongoing surveillance research efforts continue refine understanding adverse effects, providing critical insights risk-benefit profile Nonetheless, overall safety supports continued combating with regulatory agencies health organizations emphasizing importance preventing COVID-19's outcomes. In this review, we describe types summarize various autoimmune inflammatory response(s) manifesting predominantly cardiac, hematological, neurological, psychological dysfunctions. incidence, presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, management possible mechanisms contributing discussed. review highlights potential ambivalence human response post-COVID-19 necessitates need mitigate

Язык: Английский

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HIF-1α Pathway in COVID-19: A Scoping Review of Its Modulation and Related Treatments

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 26(9), С. 4202 - 4202

Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a global health crisis, highlighting the virus's unique molecular mechanisms that distinguish it from other respiratory pathogens. It is known Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α) activates complex network of intracellular signaling pathways regulating cellular energy metabolism, angiogenesis, and cell survival, contributing wide range clinical manifestations COVID-19, including Post-Acute Syndrome (PACS). Emerging evidence suggests dysregulation HIF-1α key driver systemic inflammation, silent hypoxia, pathological tissue remodeling in both acute post-acute phases disease. This scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines registered INPLASY. involved literature search Scopus PubMed, supplemented manual reference screening, with study selection facilitated Rayyan software. Our analysis clarifies dual role HIF-1α, which may either worsen inflammatory responses viral persistence or support adaptive reduce damage. potential for targeting therapeutically complex, requiring further investigation clarify its precise translational applications. deepens understanding SARS-CoV-2-induced dysfunction offering insights improving management strategies addressing long-term sequelae.

Язык: Английский

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Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2024

Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK), is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns field of ginseng research and development as well ginsenosides-related dietary supplements products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc are generally used substrate generate via several bio-conversion processes. Current shows wide range pharmacological actions including boosting osteogenesis, lipid glucose metabolism, oxidation, insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis properties. Further on bioavailability toxicology can advance its medicinal application. The purpose this review lay groundwork for future clinical studies therapy disorders. Furthermore, pharmacology investigated review. findings indicate modulates signal-ing pathways associated AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, NF-kB. It also demonstrates positive therapeutic effect nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, complications, osteoporosis. Additionally, analogues showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, efficacy against disease states. Enhancing regulating hazardous variables crucial use trials.

Язык: Английский

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Antiviral potential of ginseng: Targeting human pathogenic viruses with compounds derived from ginseng

Journal of Ginseng Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 49(2), С. 105 - 117

Опубликована: Дек. 10, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical need for effective antiviral therapies, as viral infections remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Natural compounds, especially those derived from plants, have been recognized their therapeutic properties. Ginseng, in particular, attracted considerable attention its potential effects. This review examines compounds ginseng that act against various human pathogenic viruses. We systematically summarize activities targeting range viruses, including rhinovirus (HRV), influenza virus, immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses A, B, and C (HAV, HBV, HCV), herpes simplex (HSV), enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus, norovirus, SARS-CoV-2, responsible COVID-19. covers Panax ginseng, P. notoginseng, quinquefolius, discussing mechanisms action potential. analysis incorporates literature February 2002 through August 2024, providing comprehensive overview existing evidence on properties ginseng. aims to underscore scientific basis developing an agent or nutraceutical.

Язык: Английский

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Based on Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and MM/PB(GB)SA to Study Potential Inhibitors of PRRSV‐Nsp4

Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Окт. 11, 2024

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most serious infectious immunosuppressive diseases in world. The nonstructural protein Nsp4 can be used as an ideal target for anti-PRRSV replication inhibitors. However, little known about potential inhibitors that to affect PRRSV replication. purpose this study was screen natural by inhibiting Nsp4. Five compounds with strong binding affinity were selected structure-based molecular docking method. complexes naringin dihydrochalcone (NDC), agathisflavone (AGT), amentoflavone (AMF) stable throughout dynamics simulation. According MM/PBSA analysis, free energies NDC, AGT, AMF less than-30 Kcal/mol. In conclusion, these three are worthy further investigation novel PRRSV. This provides a theoretical basis development drugs.

Язык: Английский

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A Narrative Assessment of Free Webservers for Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Predictions Using In Silico Tools

Engineering materials, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 455 - 470

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

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