From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 12(5), С. 459 - 459

Опубликована: Апрель 25, 2024

Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial comprehending disease progression and significance of vaccine therapeutic development. The emergence highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge humoral immunity, underscoring necessity grasping intricacies specific antibodies. This review emphasizes pivotal role antibodies in shaping immune responses their implications diagnosing, preventing, treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into kinetics characteristics explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing strengths, clinical utility, limitations. Furthermore, we underscore potential SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, various therapies such as monoclonal polyclonal anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, offer insights vaccines, emphasizing neutralizing order confer immunity along with emerging concern (VOCs) circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges field, risks antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) shed light on associated original antigenic sin (OAS) effect long COVID. Overall, this intends provide valuable insights, which are advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient therapeutics, developing effective vaccines combat evolving threat global scale.

Язык: Английский

---

Risks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 JN.1 Infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019–Associated Emergency Department Visits/Hospitalizations Following Updated Boosters and Prior Infection: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 79(5), С. 1190 - 1196

Опубликована: Июнь 26, 2024

Abstract Background Data on protection afforded by updated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines (bivalent/XBB 1.5 monovalent) against the emergent JN.1 variant remain limited. Methods We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study among all boosted Singaporeans aged ≥18 years during COVID-19 wave predominantly driven JN.1, from 26 November 2023 to 13 January 2024. Multivariable Cox regression was used assess risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19–associated emergency department (ED) visits/hospitalizations, stratified vaccination status/prior infection; with individuals last ≥1 year as reference category. Vaccination status were classified using national registries. Results A total 3 086 562 adult included in population, accounting for 146 863 476 person-days observation. During outbreak, 28 160 SARS-CoV-2 infections recorded, 2926 hospitalizations 3747 ED visits. Compared earlier ancestral monovalent vaccines, receipt an XBB.1.5 booster 8–120 days associated lower (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.59 [95% confidence interval (CI), .52–.66]), visits (0.50 [.34–.73]), (0.58 [.37–.91]), while bivalent 121–365 (0.92 [.88–.95]) (0.80 [.70–.90]). Lower hospitalization outbreak (aHR, 0.57 CI, .33–.97]) still observed following earlier, even when analysis restricted previously infected individuals. Conclusions Recent boosters conferred visits/hospitalizations wave, both uninfected Annual doses confer endemicity.

Язык: Английский

---

Subgenomic RNA and Limited Cross-Reactive Neutralising Antibodies Point to Potential Improvements in SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Handling

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 26(7), С. 2948 - 2948

Опубликована: Март 24, 2025

The current clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 disease control and immunity may be not optimal anymore. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) genomic viral RNA is broadly used for diagnosis, even though the virus still detectable when it already non-infectious. Regarding serology, commercial assays mostly rely on ancestral spike detection despite significant changes in genetic sequence circulating variants. We followed a group 105 non-vaccinated individuals, measuring their shedding until negativity antibody response up to six months. mean period negative RT-PCR result was 2.2 weeks using subgenomic RNA-E as target, 5.2 target. Our neutralising results suggest that, challenged against variant different from first exposure, immunoassays are suboptimal at predicting capacity sera. Additionally, anti-Alpha anti-Delta antibodies showed very low cross-reactivity between This study provides insights into immune pre-Omicron variants like Alpha Delta, which have been understudied published literature. These conclusions point potential improvements cases order organise vaccination campaigns select monoclonal treatments.

Язык: Английский

---

Neutralizing antibodies against KP.2 and KP.3: why the current vaccine needs an update

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Авг. 15, 2024

Язык: Английский

---

Long-Term Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 Wild Type and Omicron XBB 1.5 in Indonesian Residents after Vaccination and Infection

Опубликована: Июль 10, 2024

In the post-pandemic era, evaluating long-term immunity against COVID-19 has become increasingly critical, particularly in light of continuous SARS-CoV-2 mutations. This study aimed to assess immunogenicity by analyzing booster shots’ impact and sera infection history collected Makassar, Indonesia. We measured anti-RBD IgG levels neutralization capacity (NC) both wild-type (WT) Wuhan-Hu Omicron XBB 1.5 variants across groups vaccinated individuals with no (NB), single (SB), double (DB). The mean durations since last vaccination were 25.11 months, 19.24 16.9 months for NB, SB, DB group, respectively. Additionally, we evaluated effect breakthrough (BTI) history, a duration confirmed 21.72 months. Our findings indicate fair WT antibody (Ab) titers, group showing significantly higher level than other groups. Similarly, demonstrated anti-Omicron 1.Ab titer, which was insignificantly different from Although anti-WT Ab moderate, observed near-complete (96-97%) pseudo-virus all There slight decrease NC compared among groups; SB NB showed 80.71±3.9%, 74.29±6.7%, 67.2±6.3% activity, Breakdown analysis based on vaccine status that shots increase 1.5. Individuals BTI demonstrate better their counterpart uninfected same number shots. suggest persists is effective mutant variant. Booster enhance especially .

Язык: Английский

---

Initial antigen encounter determines robust T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 variant three years later

Journal of Infection, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 106402 - 106402

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2024

We aimed to evaluate the adaptive immune responses' cross-recognition of hypermutated SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 variant and identify determinants influencing this recognition.

Язык: Английский

---

Initial antigen encounter determines robust T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 variant three years later

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Авг. 9, 2024

Background The emergence of the hypermutated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) BA.2.86 variant raises significant concerns due to its potential evade pre-existing immunity. Methods We measured cross-reactivity neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses in 52 previously exposed participants investigated clinic-demographic viral genetic determinants affecting responses. Findings found that despite notable escape from antibodies, remained generally preserved, albeit with a but small loss cross-recognition (7.5 %, 14.2 % 10.8 average for IFN-g, IL-2 IFN-g + IL-2, respectively, p < 0.05). This is consistent prediction 6 out 10 immunodominant epitopes (TCEs) altered by lineage-defining mutations have reduced peptide presentation. effect expected be mitigated total TCEs across genome. Remarkably, were 3.5 (IFN-g), (IL-2) 2.4 (IFN-g IL-2) times higher when first induced natural infection rather than vaccination three years before, increasing number infections, ancestral/Delta Omicron infections. Interpretation Our findings underscore critical role factors influencing immunity against evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as antigen encounter (vaccination or infection), which essential developing effective control strategies variants. Funding European Union (Horizon Europe), Fundacio Privada Daniel Bravo Andreu, Catalan Government (PERIS, CERCA), Spanish Ministry Science, Rosetrees Trust, Pears Foundation.

Язык: Английский

---

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.86 &amp; JN.1 shifting tropism from airway to intestine

Research Square (Research Square), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Авг. 26, 2024

Omicron has emerged into various sub-lineages. However, the immune landscape against variants masks their intrinsic phenotypes. We compared replication competence of SARS-CoV-2 from BA.1 to JN.1 in explants human bronchus and lung. Cell entry routes, extrapulmonary infection innate responses were assessed using airway organoids intestinal enteroids. BA.5, XBB.1.5 EG.5.1 replicate higher titres than BA.2.86 lung explants. Replication but not is inhibited by TMPRSS2 inhibitor. Interestingly, enteroids EG.5.1, which seen colon cells high expression ACE2 found epithelium. intrinsically have potential for efficient transmission causing more severe disease among all tested variants. Dual-pathway cell contributes its tropism pathogenicity over BA.2.86. demonstrate that are clinically relevant models lines studying host gut tropism, respectively. binding affinity associated with rather respiratory tropism. This study reveals switching JN.1.

Язык: Английский

---

Long-Term Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Wild-Type and Omicron XBB.1.5 in Indonesian Residents after Vaccination and Infection

Antibodies, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(3), С. 72 - 72

Опубликована: Сен. 2, 2024

In the post-pandemic era, evaluating long-term immunity against COVID-19 has become increasingly critical, particularly in light of continuous SARS-CoV-2 mutations. This study aimed to assess humoral immune response sera collected Makassar. We measured anti-RBD IgG levels and neutralization capacity (NC) both Wild-Type (WT) Wuhan-Hu Omicron XBB.1.5 variants across groups COVID-19-vaccinated individuals with no booster (NB), single (SB), double (DB). The mean durations since last vaccination were 25.11 months, 19.24 16.9 months for NB, SB, DB group, respectively. Additionally, we evaluated effect breakthrough infection (BTI) history, a duration confirmed 21.72 months. Our findings indicate fair WT antibody (Ab) titers, group showing significantly higher level than other groups. Similarly, demonstrated highest anti-Omicron Ab titer, yet it was insignificantly different from Although anti-WT titers moderate, observed near-complete (96-97%) pseudo-virus all There slight decrease NC compared among groups, as SB NB showed 80.71 ± 3.9%, 74.29 6.7%, 67.2 6.3% activity, A breakdown analysis based on vaccine status that doses increase XBB.1.5, without BTI. Individuals BTI demonstrate better their counterpart uninfected same number doses. suggest persists is effective mutant variant. Booster enhance NC, especially individuals.

Язык: Английский

---

Lineage-specific neutralising antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 mild disease. Immune boosting effect of vaccination

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2024

Abstract We followed a group of 105 non-vaccinated individuals after Alpha or Delta SARS-CoV-2 mild disease, measuring the viral shedding (qRT-PCR, dPCR and subgenomic RNA-E) humoral response (commercial immunoassay pseudovirus live virus neutralisation) up to six months. Sixty nine patients received vaccination boost during follow-up period (n=95). Subgenomic RNA-E showed shorter until negativity (mean 2.2 weeks) compared gRNA 5.2 weeks). A high correlation between qRT-PCR was found for load estimation, even when no nucleic acid extraction used in (R 2 = 0.87). Post-convalescent sera strongest neutralisation against variant natural exposure, while capacity Omicron variants significantly lower other variants. Additionally, results suggested that commercial immunoassays may not accurately predict protection different than exposure. An immune boosting effect evident. Variant-specific neutralising antibodies were detected one month infection. Although short lived, maximum igG observed hybrid immunisation (natural infection + vaccination). This study also points potential improvements clinical management cases. Firstly, is potentially more accurate biomarker infectivity current qRT-PCRs using genomic RNA as target. Secondly, accuracy high-throughput must be validated order estimate specific organise campaigns. Our findings could play role implementation vaccine programs. Author Summary Years related infections challenged healthcare systems whole world, optimal strategy deal with diagnosis, quarantines patterns still matter debate. The interplay immunity circulating complex, qPCR diagnosis extend quarantines, detection does necessarily mean remains infectious. studied infected pre-Omicron how their variant-specific reacted past present SARS-CoV-2. In both Delta, neutralise own better came before after. Perhaps most importantly, lowest dynamics patients, testing PCR techniques targets. detectable nasopharyngeal samples time it has been good marker infectivity. Using sgRNA instead target reduce hospital bed occupation quarantine time. Overall, we hope these help guide pandemic diagnostic control future.

Язык: Английский

---