SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 12

Опубликована: Янв. 3, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta that emerged at the end of 2019 in Hubei province China. SARS-CoV-2 causes disease (COVID-19) and was declared pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. Herd or community immunity has been proposed as strategy to protect vulnerable, can be established through from past infection vaccination. Whether results development reservoir resilient memory cells under investigation. Vaccines have developed an unprecedented rate 7 408 870 760 vaccine doses administered worldwide. Recently variants are more transmissible with reduced sensitivity immune mechanisms. This due presence amino acid substitutions spike protein, which confer selective advantage. The emergence therefore poses risk for effectiveness long-term immunity, it crucial determine vaccines against currently circulating variants. Here we review both SARS-CoV-2-induced host activation vaccine-induced responses, highlighting responses key indicators immunity. We further discuss how emerge concern (VOC), particular focus implications effectiveness. Finally, describe antibody treatments future approaches will important navigate COVID-19 pandemic.

Язык: Английский

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NETosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in COVID-19: Immunothrombosis and Beyond

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Март 2, 2022

Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, causes respiratory problems and multifaceted organ dysfunction. A crucial mechanism COVID-19 immunopathy is recruitment activation neutrophils at infection site, which also predicts severity poor outcomes. The release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), occurring during a regulated form cell death known as NETosis, key effector function that mediates harmful effects caused by neutrophils. Abundant NETosis NET generation have been observed in many patients, leading to unfavorable coagulopathy immunothrombosis. Moreover, excessive are now more widely recognized mediators additional pathophysiological abnormalities following SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this minireview, we introduce subtypes NET-producing (e.g., low-density granulocytes) explain biological importance NETs protein cargos COVID-19. addition, discuss mechanisms upregulating viral processes entry replication) well host pro-NET proinflammatory mediator release, platelet activation, autoantibody production). Furthermore, provide an update main findings immunothrombosis other COVID-19-related disorders, such aberrant immunity, neurological post syndromes including lung fibrosis, disorder, tumor progression, deteriorated chronic illness. Finally, address potential prospective treatment strategies target dysregulated formation via inhibition promotion degradation, respectively.

Язык: Английский

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The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in acute lung injury

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Июль 29, 2022

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a heterogeneous inflammatory condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Neutrophils play key role in the development of different forms ALI, release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) emerging as common pathogenic mechanism. NETs are essential controlling pathogens, their defective or increased degradation leads to higher risk infection. However, also contain several pro-inflammatory cytotoxic molecules than can exacerbate thromboinflammation tissue injury. To reduce NET-mediated damage inflammation, DNase frequently used preclinical models ALI due its capability digesting NET DNA scaffold. Moreover, recent advances biology led selective inhibitors, which appear experimental models. Here we provide an overview discussing existing gaps our knowledge novel therapeutic approaches modulate impact on

Язык: Английский

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Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned

ACS Infectious Diseases, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 8(9), С. 1758 - 1814

Опубликована: Авг. 8, 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and virulent human-infecting that emerged in late December 2019 Wuhan, China, causing disease called (COVID-19), which has massively impacted global public health caused widespread disruption to daily life. The crisis by COVID-19 mobilized scientists authorities across the world rapidly improve our knowledge about this devastating disease, shedding light on its management control, spawned development of new countermeasures. Here we provide an overview state art gained last years virus COVID-19, including origin natural reservoir hosts, viral etiology, epidemiology, modes transmission, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, emerging variants, vaccines, highlighting important differences from previously known pathogenic coronaviruses. We also discuss selected key discoveries each topic underline gaps for future investigations.

Язык: Английский

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Immunosenescence, Inflammaging, and Frailty: Role of Myeloid Cells in Age-Related Diseases

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 64(2), С. 123 - 144

Опубликована: Янв. 15, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and decreased vascular nitric oxide in COVID-19 patients

EBioMedicine, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 77, С. 103893 - 103893

Опубликована: Фев. 23, 2022

BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 targets endothelial cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. The resulting injury induces widespread thrombosis and microangiopathy. Nevertheless, early specific markers of dysfunction vascular redox status in COVID-19 patients are currently missing.MethodsObservational study including ICU non-ICU adult admitted hospital for acute respiratory failure, compared with control subjects matched cardiovascular risk factors similar to patients, septic shock unrelated COVID-19.FindingsEarly SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated an imbalance between exacerbated oxidative stress (plasma peroxides levels vs. controls: 1456.0 ± 400.2 vs 436 272.1 mmol/L; P < 0.05) a reduced nitric oxide bioavailability proportional disease severity (5-α-nitrosyl-hemoglobin, HbNO 116.1 62.1 163.3 46.7 nmol/L; 0.05). correlated oxygenation parameters (PaO2/FiO2 ratio) (R2 = 0.13; Plasma angiotensin II, aldosterone, renin or serum level TREM-1 ruled out any hyper-activation renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system leucocyte burst contrary patients.InterpretationEndothelial ensuing decreased NO appears as likely pathogenic factor patients. A correlation is observed hospitalized These results highlight urgent need oriented research leading better understanding that occurs during SARS-CoV-2.FundingStated acknowledgments section.

Язык: Английский

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Clinical Significance and Diagnostic Utility of NLR, LMR, PLR and SII in the Course of COVID-19: A Literature Review

Journal of Inflammation Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер Volume 16, С. 539 - 562

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2023

Abstract: Nowadays, society is increasingly struggling with infectious diseases that are characterized by severe course and even death. Recently, the whole world has faced greatest epidemiological threat, which COVID-19 caused SARS CoV-2 virus. infection often accompanied inflammation, can lead to development of different complications. Consequently, clinicians need easily interpreted effective markers inflammation predict efficacy treatment patient prognosis. Inflammation associated changes in many biochemical hematological parameters, including leukocyte counts their populations. In COVID-19, leukocytes count populations such as neutrophils, lymphocytes or monocytes observed. The numerous research confirm indicators like neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte (LMR), platelets-to-lymphocyte (PLR) systemic inflammatory index (SII) may prove assessment prognosis choosing optimal therapy. Therefore, this review, we would summarize latest knowledge about diagnostic utility ratios – NLR, LMR, PLR SII patients COVID-19. We focused on papers evaluating using ROC curve published recent 3 years. Identification biomarkers help selection high risk Graphical Keywords: ratios, PLR,

Язык: Английский

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Neutrophils in COVID-19: recent insights and advances

Virology Journal, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 20(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2023

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory caused by severe syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can lead to distress (ARDS), multi-organ failure and death, posing significant threat human health. Studies have found that pathological mechanisms, such as cytokine storms uncontrolled innate immune system activation, release of damage-associated molecular patterns during tissue injury a high incidence thrombotic events, are associated with the function dysfunction neutrophils. Specifically, increased formation low-density neutrophils (LDNs) neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been shown be closely linked severity poor prognosis in patients COVID-19. Our work focuses on understanding number, abnormal lung infiltration, elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio pathogenesis We also explore involvement NETs LDNs progression thrombosis formation, along potential therapeutic strategies targeting formation.

Язык: Английский

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Significance of NETs Formation in COVID-19

Cells, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 10(1), С. 151 - 151

Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2021

Severe contagious respiratory disease—COVID-19—caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, can lead to fatal failure associated with an excessive inflammatory response. Infiltration and spread of are based on interaction between virus’ structural protein S cell’s receptor–angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), simultaneous involvement human trans-membrane protease, serine (TMPRSS2). Many scientific reports stress importance elevated recruitment activity neutrophils, which form extracellular neutrophil traps (NETs) playing a significant role in mechanism combating pathogens, pathogenesis COVID-19. Excessive generation NETs during prolonged periods inflammation predisposes for occurrence undesirable reactions including thromboembolic complications damage surrounding tissues organs. Within present manuscript, we draw attention impact NET severe course COVID-19 patients concurrent cardiovascular metabolic diseases. Additionally, indicate necessity explore not only cellular but also molecular bases pathogenesis, may aid development dedicated therapies meant improve chances successful treatment patients. We new directions research into medications that display formation regulatory properties as potential therapeutic strategies progress

Язык: Английский

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Neutrophils and COVID-19: Active Participants and Rational Therapeutic Targets

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12

Опубликована: Июнь 2, 2021

Whilst the majority of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causative pathogen COVID-19, experience mild to moderate symptoms, approximately 20% develop complications that may progress distress syndrome, pulmonary failure and death. To date, single cell high-throughput systems based analyses peripheral immune responses SARS-CoV-2 suggest a hyperactive dysregulated response underpins development disease, prominent role assigned neutrophils. Characterised in part by robust generation neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), presence immature, immunosuppressive activated subsets circulation, neutrophilic infiltrates lung, granulocytic signature is emerging as defining feature COVID-19. Furthermore, an assessment number, maturity status and/or function circulating neutrophils at time hospital admission has shown promise prognostic tool for early identification patients risk clinical deterioration. Here, summarising results studies have examined SARS-CoV-2, we provide comprehensive overview changes occur composition, phenotype pool COVID-19 differing disease severities discuss potential mediators SARS-CoV-2-induced dysfunction. With few specific treatments currently approved conclude review discussing whether represent therapeutic target treatment

Язык: Английский

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