Oxidative Stress and Hyper-Inflammation as Major Drivers of Severe COVID-19 and Long COVID: Implications for the Benefit of High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Апрель 29, 2022

Oxidative stress is a pivotal point in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and presumably also Long-COVID. Inflammation oxidative are mutually reinforcing each other, thus contributing to systemic hyperinflammatory state coagulopathy which cardinal pathological mechanisms severe stages. patients, like other critically ill patients e.g. with pneumonia, very often show deficiency antioxidant vitamin C. So far, it has not been investigated how long this lasts or whether COVID symptoms suffer from deficiencies. A C deficit serious consequences because one most effective antioxidants, but co-factor many enzymatic processes that affect immune nervous system, blood circulation energy metabolism. Because its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, endothelial-restoring, immunomodulatory effects supportive intravenous (iv) use supraphysiological doses so far 12 controlled observational studies altogether 1578 inpatients COVID-19. In these an improved oxygenation, decrease inflammatory markers faster recovery were observed. addition, early treatment iv high dose seems reduce risks courses disease such as pneumonia mortality. Persistent inflammation, thrombosis dysregulated response (auto-immune phenomena and/or persistent viral load) seem be major contributors inflammation involved development progression fatigue neuro-psychiatric various diseases by disrupting tissue (e.g. autoantibodies), flow thrombosis) neurotransmitter metabolism excitotoxicity). oncological diseases, infections autoimmune associated fatigue, cognitive disorders, pain depression similar Long-COVID, was shown significantly relieve symptoms. Supportive acute might therefore risk

Язык: Английский

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Review of multiple sclerosis: Epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment

Medicine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 103(8), С. e37297 - e37297

Опубликована: Фев. 23, 2024

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease with demyelination, inflammation, neuronal loss, and gliosis (scarring). Our object to review MS pathophysiology causes treatment. A Narrative Review article was conducted by searching on Google scholar, PubMed, Research Gate about relevant keywords we exclude any unique cases case reports. The destruction of myelinated axons in the central nervous system reserves this brunt. This generated immunogenic T cells that produce cytokines, copying proinflammatory helper cells1-mediated response. Autoreactive cluster differentiation 4 + cells, particularly cells1 subtype, are activated outside after viral infections. T-helper (cluster 4+) leading initiators myelin destruction. treatment plan for individuals includes managing acute episodes, using disease-modifying agents decrease biological function MS, providing symptom relief. Management spasticity requires physiotherapy, prescription initial drugs such as baclofen or gabapentin, secondary drug options tizanidine dantrolene, third-line benzodiazepines. To treat urinary incontinence some include anticholinergic medications oxybutynin hydrochloride, tricyclic antidepressants (such amitriptyline), intermittent self-catheterization. When it comes bowel problems, one can try implement stool softeners consume high roughage diet. takes Pathophysiology examines current strategies, emphasizing advancements therapies symptomatic treatments. comprehensive analysis enhances understanding underscores ongoing need research develop more effective

Язык: Английский

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Covid-19 a triggering factor of autoimmune and multi-inflammatory diseases

Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 319, С. 121531 - 121531

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2023

SARS-CoV-2 virus has attracted a lot of attention globally due to the autoimmune and inflammatory processes that were observed during development Covid-19 disease. Excessive activation immune response triggering autoantibodies synthesis as well an excessive cytokines onset cytokine storm vital role in disease outcome occurring complications. This scenario is reminiscent infiltration lymphocytes monocytes specific organs increased production chemoattractants noted other diseases. The main goal this study investigate complex occur find similarities with diseases such multiple sclerosis (MS), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Kawasaki advance existing diagnostic therapeutic protocols. therapy Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) use S1P receptor modulators showed promising results. However, there are many unknowns about these mechanisms possible novel therapies. Therefore, inflammation autoimmunity triggered by should be further investigated improve procedures protocols for Covid-19.

Язык: Английский

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Neutrophils in COVID-19: recent insights and advances

Virology Journal, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 20(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2023

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory caused by severe syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can lead to distress (ARDS), multi-organ failure and death, posing significant threat human health. Studies have found that pathological mechanisms, such as cytokine storms uncontrolled innate immune system activation, release of damage-associated molecular patterns during tissue injury a high incidence thrombotic events, are associated with the function dysfunction neutrophils. Specifically, increased formation low-density neutrophils (LDNs) neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been shown be closely linked severity poor prognosis in patients COVID-19. Our work focuses on understanding number, abnormal lung infiltration, elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio pathogenesis We also explore involvement NETs LDNs progression thrombosis formation, along potential therapeutic strategies targeting formation.

Язык: Английский

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Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 9(1)

Опубликована: Сен. 20, 2024

Язык: Английский

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The Immunopathogenesis of a Cytokine Storm: The Key Mechanisms Underlying Severe COVID-19

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

A cytokine storm is marked by excessive pro-inflammatory release, and has emerged as a key factor in severe COVID-19 cases - making it critical therapeutic target. However, its pathophysiology was poorly understood, which hindered effective treatment. SARS-CoV-2 initially disrupts angiotensin signalling, promoting inflammation through ACE-2 downregulation. Some patients' immune systems then fail to shift from innate adaptive immunity, suppressing interferon responses leading pyroptosis neutrophil activation. This amplifies tissue damage inflammation, creating loop. The result the disruption of Th1/Th2 Th17/Treg balances, lymphocyte exhaustion, extensive blood clotting. Cytokine treatments include glucocorticoids suppress system, monoclonal antibodies neutralize specific cytokines, JAK inhibitors block receptor signalling. most treatment options for mitigating infection remain vaccines preventive measure antiviral drugs early stages infection. article synthesizes insights into dysregulation COVID-19, offering framework better understand storms improve monitoring, biomarker discovery, strategies other conditions involving storms.

Язык: Английский

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COVID-19 and corticosteroids: a narrative review

Inflammopharmacology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 30(4), С. 1189 - 1205

Опубликована: Май 13, 2022

Abstract It has been reported that corticosteroid therapy was effective in the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), recently coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs mitigate risk distress (ARDS) COVID-19 other viral pneumonia, despite a reduction clearance; corticosteroids inhibit development cytokine storm multi-organ damage. The risk–benefit ratio should be assessed for critical patients. In conclusion, is an way COVID-19, it reduces complications primarily lung injury ARDS. Besides, mainly dexamethasone methylprednisolone reducing severity associated comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel (IBD).

Язык: Английский

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Neutrophil extracellular traps-triggered impaired autophagic flux via METTL3 underlies sepsis-associated acute lung injury

Cell Death Discovery, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 8(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 27, 2022

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) assist pathogen clearance, while excessive NETs formation is associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses and tissue injury in acute lung (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Autophagy generally considered to be a protective process, but autophagy dysfunction harmful. Whether how affect autophagic flux during sepsis-induced ALI are currently unknown. Here, we confirmed that the level of was increased ARDS patients mice models, which led impairment deterioration disease. Mechanistically, activated METTL3 mediated m6A methylation Sirt1 mRNA alveolar epithelial cells, resulting abnormal autophagy. These findings provide new insights into contribute development sepsis-associated ALI/ARDS.

Язык: Английский

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The Prospective Effect of Allopurinol on the Oxidative Stress Index and Endothelial Dysfunction in Covid-19

Inflammation, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 45(4), С. 1651 - 1667

Опубликована: Фев. 24, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Bibliometric and visual analysis of neutrophil extracellular traps from 2004 to 2022

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Окт. 21, 2022

Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are specialized structures formed by neutrophils that were initially found to be important in killing pathogenic bacteria during infection. With the development of related research, relationship between NETs and diseases such as sepsis, cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus has received close attention. However, there is a lack reports comprehensively objectively present current status NETs-related studies. Therefore, this study aims visually analyze trends research means bibliometrics knowledge mapping. Methods articles reviews retrieved using Web Science core collection subject search, bibliometric analysis was performed Excel 365, CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Bibliometrix (R-Tool R-Studio). Results A total 4866 publications from 2004 2022 included analysis. The number shows an increasing trend year year. Collaborative network United States Germany most influential countries field, with highest citations. journal Frontiers Immunology. Brinkmann Volker authoritative author his publication “Neutrophil kill bacteria” frequently cited. literature keyword (hematological diseases, etc.) cell death (apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, popular topic. Currently, SARS-CoV-2-related studies at forefront field. Conclusion This first visualize fields methods, revealing frontiers research. will provide valuable references for scholars find focus questions partners.

Язык: Английский

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