Immune mechanisms underlying COVID-19 pathology and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)

eLife, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12

Опубликована: Май 26, 2023

With a global tally of more than 500 million cases severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections to date, there are growing concerns about the post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as long COVID. Recent studies suggest that exaggerated immune responses key determinants severity and outcomes initial well subsequent PASC. The complexity innate adaptive in period requires in-depth mechanistic analyses identify specific molecular signals cell populations which promote PASC pathogenesis. In this review, we examine current literature on mechanisms dysregulation COVID-19 limited emerging data immunopathology While phases may share some parallel immunopathology, it is likely quite distinct heterogeneous, thus requiring large-scale longitudinal patients with without after an infection. By outlining knowledge gaps PASC, hope provide avenues for novel research directions will ultimately lead precision therapies restore healthy function patients.

Язык: Английский

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T-helper cells and their cytokines in pathogenesis and treatment of asthma

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Июнь 12, 2023

Prosperous advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic inflammation airway remodeling asthma have been made over past several decades. Asthma is a inflammatory disease airways characterized by reversible obstruction that self-resolving or remits with treatment. Around half patients are "Type-2-high" overexpression type 2 pathways elevated cytokines. When stimulated allergens, epithelial cells secrete IL-25, IL-33, TSLP to derive Th2 immune response. First ILC2 followed produces series cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13. T

Язык: Английский

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The senescence journey in cancer immunoediting

Molecular Cancer, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 23(1)

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2024

Abstract Cancer progression is continuously controlled by the immune system which can identify and destroy nascent tumor cells or inhibit metastatic spreading. However, its deregulated activity in microenvironment also promote favoring outgrowth of cancers capable escaping control, a process termed cancer immunoediting. This process, has been classified into three phases, i.e. “elimination”, “equilibrium” “escape”, influenced several cancer- microenvironment-dependent factors. Senescence cellular program primed response to different pathophysiological stimuli, based on long-lasting cell cycle arrest secretion numerous bioactive inflammatory molecules. Because this, senescence potent immunomodulatory factor promptly recruiting actively promoting tissue remodeling. In context cancer, these functions lead both immunosurveillance immunosuppression. this review, authors will discuss role immunoediting, highlighting context- timing-dependent effects describing how senescent recruitment for elimination sustain inflammation escape. A potential contribution dormancy, as mechanism therapy resistance relapse, be discussed with final objective unravel immunotherapeutic implications modulation cancer.

Язык: Английский

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The Immunopathogenesis of a Cytokine Storm: The Key Mechanisms Underlying Severe COVID-19

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

A cytokine storm is marked by excessive pro-inflammatory release, and has emerged as a key factor in severe COVID-19 cases - making it critical therapeutic target. However, its pathophysiology was poorly understood, which hindered effective treatment. SARS-CoV-2 initially disrupts angiotensin signalling, promoting inflammation through ACE-2 downregulation. Some patients' immune systems then fail to shift from innate adaptive immunity, suppressing interferon responses leading pyroptosis neutrophil activation. This amplifies tissue damage inflammation, creating loop. The result the disruption of Th1/Th2 Th17/Treg balances, lymphocyte exhaustion, extensive blood clotting. Cytokine treatments include glucocorticoids suppress system, monoclonal antibodies neutralize specific cytokines, JAK inhibitors block receptor signalling. most treatment options for mitigating infection remain vaccines preventive measure antiviral drugs early stages infection. article synthesizes insights into dysregulation COVID-19, offering framework better understand storms improve monitoring, biomarker discovery, strategies other conditions involving storms.

Язык: Английский

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Cytokines as Key Players in Obesity Low Grade Inflammation and Related Complications

Obesity Medicine, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 100585 - 100585

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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The Role of Chronic Inflammation in Pediatric Cancer

Cancers, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(1), С. 154 - 154

Опубликована: Янв. 6, 2025

Inflammation plays a crucial role in wound healing and the host immune response following pathogenic invasion. However, unresolved chronic inflammation can result tissue fibrosis genetic alterations that contribute to pathogenesis of human diseases such as cancer. Recent scientific advancements exploring underlying mechanisms malignant cellular transformations cancer progression have exposed significant disparities between pediatric adult-onset cancers. For instance, cancers tend lower mutational burdens arise actively developing tissues, where cell-cycle dysregulation leads gene, chromosomal, fusion gene development not seen counterparts. As such, findings adult cannot be directly applied cancers, unique mutations inherent etiologies remain poorly understood. Here, we review processes chromosomal instability, tumor microenvironment, tumorigenesis transformation explore current therapeutic interventions maintain and/or restore inflammatory homeostasis.

Язык: Английский

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STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Health and Disease

MedComm, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 6(4)

Опубликована: Март 30, 2025

ABSTRACT Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical factor involved in multiple physiological pathological processes. While STAT3 plays an essential role homeostasis, its persistent activation has been implicated the pathogenesis various diseases, particularly cancer, bone‐related autoimmune disorders, inflammatory cardiovascular neurodegenerative conditions. The interleukin‐6/Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 signaling axis central to activation, influencing tumor microenvironment remodeling, angiogenesis, immune evasion, therapy resistance. Despite extensive research, precise mechanisms underlying dysregulated disease progression remain incompletely understood, no United States Food Drug Administration (USFDA)‐approved direct inhibitors currently exist. This review provides comprehensive evaluation STAT3's health disease, emphasizing involvement cancer stem cell maintenance, metastasis, inflammation, drug We systematically discuss therapeutic strategies, including JAK (tofacitinib, ruxolitinib), Src Homology 2 domain (S3I‐201, STATTIC), antisense oligonucleotides (AZD9150), nanomedicine‐based delivery systems, which enhance specificity bioavailability while reducing toxicity. By integrating molecular mechanisms, pathology, emerging interventions, this fills knowledge gap STAT3‐targeted therapy. Our insights into crosstalk, epigenetic regulation, resistance offer foundation for developing next‐generation with greater clinical efficacy translational potential.

Язык: Английский

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Current status of nano-embedded growth factors and stem cells delivery to bone for targeted repair and regeneration

Journal of Orthopaedic Translation, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 50, С. 257 - 273

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Biological Roles of Fibroblasts in Periodontal Diseases

Cells, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11(21), С. 3345 - 3345

Опубликована: Окт. 24, 2022

Periodontal diseases include periodontitis and gingival overgrowth. Periodontitis is a bacterial infectious disease, its pathological cascade regulated by many inflammatory cytokines secreted immune or tissue cells, such as interleukin-6. In contrast, overgrowth develops side effect of specific drugs, immunosuppressants, anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers. Human fibroblasts (HGFs) are the most abundant cells in connective tissue, human periodontal ligament (HPLFs) located between teeth alveolar bone. HGFs HPLFs both crucial for remodeling homeostasis their roles pathogenesis have been examined 25 years. Various responses contribute to progression diseases. This review summarizes biological effects on

Язык: Английский

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Inflammation and the Potential Implication of Macrophage-Microglia Polarization in Human ASD: An Overview

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(3), С. 2703 - 2703

Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2023

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous collection of neurodevelopmental disorders, difficult to diagnose and currently lacking treatment options. The possibility finding reliable biomarkers useful for early identification would offer the opportunity intervene with strategies improve life quality ASD patients. To date, there are many recognized risk factors development ASD, both genetic non-genetic. Although epigenetic may play critical role, extent their contribution still under study. On other hand, non-genetic include pollution, nutrition, infection, psychological states, lifestyle, all together known as exposome, which impacts mother’s fetus’s life, especially during pregnancy. Pathogenic non-pathogenic maternal immune activation (MIA) autoimmune diseases can cause various alterations in fetal environment, also contributing etiology offspring. Activation monocytes, macrophages, mast cells microglia high production pro-inflammatory cytokines indeed neuroinflammation, latter involved ASD’s onset development. In this review, we focused on factors, connection between inflammation, macrophage polarization syndrome, MIA, involvement microglia.

Язык: Английский

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