Abstract
The
significant
volatilization
of
NH
3
during
aerobic
composting
causes
nitrogen
(N)
losses
and
environmental
risks.
Both
iron
(Fe)
biochar
(BC)
can
influence
the
N
conversion
process
in
composting.
Fe
application
delay
maturation
materials,
while
enhance
quality
organic
fertilizer.
combination
these
two
conditioners
may
help
decrease
emissions
improve
fertilizer
quality.
Therefore,
this
study
investigates
effects
different
doses
FeCl
BC
on
results
demonstrated
that
Fe/BC
co-conditioners
reduced
accumulation
by
11.1–48.2%,
increased
total
nutrient
content
0.6–15.3%,
enhanced
economic
benefits
0.1–23.6
$
t
−1
.
At
high-temperature
stage
composting,
decreased
pH
0.3–1.2,
but
there
was
no
difference
compared
to
control
at
end
they
did
not
affect
compost
maturation.
structural
equation
model
analysis
suggested
reduction
related
ammonia-oxidizing
bacteria
(AOB),
4
+
–N,
(TN).
As
a
result,
lowering
beginning
increasing
–N.
This
concludes
could
complement
each
other
significantly
reduce
fertilizers.
Graphical
Abstract
The
significant
volatilization
of
NH
3
during
aerobic
composting
causes
nitrogen
(N)
losses
and
environmental
risks.
Both
iron
(Fe)
biochar
(BC)
can
influence
the
N
conversion
process
in
composting.
Fe
application
delay
maturation
materials,
while
enhance
quality
organic
fertilizer.
combination
these
two
conditioners
may
help
decrease
emissions
improve
fertilizer
quality.
Therefore,
this
study
investigates
effects
different
doses
FeCl
BC
on
results
demonstrated
that
Fe/BC
co-conditioners
reduced
accumulation
by
11.1–48.2%,
increased
total
nutrient
content
0.6–15.3%,
enhanced
economic
benefits
0.1–23.6
$
t
−1
.
At
high-temperature
stage
composting,
decreased
pH
0.3–1.2,
but
there
was
no
difference
compared
to
control
at
end
they
did
not
affect
compost
maturation.
structural
equation
model
analysis
suggested
reduction
related
ammonia-oxidizing
bacteria
(AOB),
4
+
–N,
(TN).
As
a
result,
lowering
beginning
increasing
–N.
This
concludes
could
complement
each
other
significantly
reduce
fertilizers.
Graphical
