Abstract
One
century
ago,
US
Secretary
of
State
Charles
Evan
Hughes
made
the
first
official
statement
regarding
policy
toward
Antarctica
by
declaring
it
would
not
recognise
sovereignty
in
areas
that
could
actually
be
settled.
The
Doctrine
formalised
opposition
to
countries
dividing
into
sovereign
territory,
a
doctrine
has
become
bedrock
upon
which
subsequent
decisions
region
were
built.
This
paper
gives
broad
overview
development
Antarctica,
starting
with
Doctrine,
including
period
when
United
States
secretly
considered
making
its
own
claim
territory
before
deciding
champion
then
maintain
multilateral,
sovereign-free
based
on
Antarctic
Treaty
order
achieve
national
goals.
also
reviews
how
policies
are
working
today
and
considers
significant
challenges
costs
incur
if
altered
century-old
Antarctica.
Cambridge Prisms Coastal Futures,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
1
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023
Abstract
Over
the
last
couple
of
decades,
polar
tourism
has
significantly
grown
in
number
visitors
and
diversified
terms
activities
offered.
The
COVID-19
pandemic
brought
to
a
halt
prompted
researchers,
operators
policy-makers
alike
reflect
on
how
Arctic
Antarctic
have
developed,
they
are
being
managed
governed
and,
importantly,
influence
socio-ecological
systems.
Given
dominance
ship-based
over
other
types
Polar
Regions,
we
discuss
cornerstones
developed
50
years
explore
relevant
international
regional
governance
regimes
this
article.
We
identify
which
positive
negative
biophysical,
socio-cultural
economic
impacts
arising
from
been
identified
by
researchers.
It
is
difficult,
if
not
impossible,
disentangle
caused
alone
those
that
result
interactions
multiple
pressures
at
all
levels
(local,
global),
more
research
needed
develop
reliable
effective
indicators
monitor
impacts.
In
addition,
better
understanding
about
role
tourist
experiences
might
play
potentially
encouraging
long-term
behavioural
changes
among
Regions.
provided
an
important
opportunity
review
development
management,
ask
whether
emphasis
should
be
placed
‘degrowth’
sector
future.
Polar Geography,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
47(1), С. 49 - 70
Опубликована: Янв. 2, 2024
Antarctic
tourism
has
been
growing
increasingly
and
diversifying
over
the
past
two
decades.
In
parallel,
scholarship
particularly
focused
on
development
management.
This
industry-
policy-focused
research
neglected
to
address
how
these
developments
affect
place-making
processes
in
Antarctica.
article
is
grounded
conceptual
of
'Arctification',
a
phenomenon
that
appears
have
significant
impacts
making
Arctic
as
place
(to
visit)
using
specific
narratives
tourism.
Thus,
this
study
expands
by
investigating
tourism's
role
Antarctica
through
'Antarctification'.
Four
types
emerge
from
promotion
materials
constituting
core
Antarctification:
(1)
exploration,
(2)
wild
empty,
(3)
superlatives,
(4)
needing
environmental
stewardship
ambassadorship.
The
use
locks
into
particular
imaginaries
designed
attract
visitors.
Identifying
dominant
critical,
they
may
markedly
impact
conservation
agendas,
wildlife
encounters,
icescapes,
heritage.
Frontiers in Marine Science,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
11
Опубликована: Март 6, 2024
The
Arctic
and
Antarctica
represent
two
of
the
most
inhospitable
poorly
investigated
biomes
in
world.
Although
polar
regions
are
still
perceived
as
some
pristine
places
existence,
these
remote
no
longer
immune
to
anthropogenic
pollution,
particular,
micro-
nanoplastics.
Seabirds,
avian
species
feeding
mainly
at
sea,
indicators
change
environment
an
early
study
group
ecological
for
plastic
pollution.
goal
this
bibliometric
overview
is
evaluate
international
research
trends
on
impacts
microplastics
(MPs)
nanoplastics
(NPs)
seabirds
inhabiting
regions.
A
total
least
13
seabird
were
reported
have
ingested
MPs
from
1983–2023.
Overall,
1130
samples
investigated,
including
stomach
content,
pouch
guano,
pellets.
Pellets
substrate
(699),
followed
by
contents
(309),
guano
(101),
(21).
median
31.5
per
sample
was
found
Arctic,
with
average
7.2
sample.
35
Antarctica,
1.1
frequently
fragment
form.
3526
retrieved
stomachs
(3013),
pellets
(398),
(75),
(40).
Polyethylene
dominant
polymer
found,
polypropylene
polystyrene.
monitoring
MP
ingestion
crucial
mitigating
marine
terrestrial
organisms.
Standardized
protocols
could
boost
safeguarding
reduce
Antarctica,
a
seemingly
barren
and
icy
wilderness,
is
home
to
diverse
array
of
microbial
life
that
plays
critical
role
in
sustaining
its
ecosystems.
These
resilient
microorganisms
drive
nutrient
cycling
carbon
sequestration,
but
their
function
global
processes
remains
unclear.
This
pristine
environment
faces
mounting
threats
from
human
activities,
climate
change,
increasing
tourism.
Contaminants,
non-native
species,
microplastics
are
increasingly
reaching
even
the
most
remote
regions,
disrupting
delicate
communities
existing
for
millions
years.
Antarctic
not
only
ecologically
significant
also
valuable
biotechnological
advancements,
making
conservation
imperative.
Climate
change
exacerbates
these
threats,
altering
habitats
promoting
shifts
community
structure.
Tourism
growth,
though
beneficial
education
economic
reasons,
poses
challenges
through
biological
chemical
contamination.
Despite
efforts
under
Treaty
System
protect
region,
there
need
enhanced
measures
specifically
targeting
conservation.
article
underscores
importance
conserving
diversity.
It
highlights
intricate
ecosystems
urgency
implementing
strategies
such
as
stringent
biosecurity
measures,
sustainable
tourism
practices,
comprehensive
monitoring
programs.
Additionally,
fostering
international
collaboration
research
initiatives
vital
understanding
designing
mitigate
impacts
environmental
changes
on
life.
By
prioritizing
policy
frameworks
strengthening
cooperation,
we
can
safeguard
unique
ensure
resilience
future
generations.
Tourism Management Perspectives,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
47, С. 101120 - 101120
Опубликована: Май 3, 2023
There
is
scientific
consensus
that
human
activity
through
whale-watching
causing
an
increasing
amount
of
damage
to
the
natural
environment,
which
poses
critical
challenges
goal
sustainability.
Based
on
a
quantitative
and
qualitative
assessment
literature,
this
study
calls
for
urgent
rethinking
in
regards
A
new,
integrative
framework
research
actions
built
upon
concept
regenerative
tourism
provided
so
as
lead
more
balanced
evaluation
environmentally
socially
responsible
tourism.
The
literature
review
leads
three
main
areas
have
driven
field
tourism:
ecological
responses
cetaceans
due
disturbance,
determinants
demand,
impact
sustainability
from
macro-cultural
political
perspectives.
new
framework,
additionally
considers
innovation
external
drivers
prominent
areas,
proposes
future
guidelines
studying
interplay
between
some
specific
topics:
social
change,
economic
drivers,
gender
perspective,
co-creation,
responsibility,
technology,
climate
change
long-term
cumulative
effects,
among
other
issues
concern.
