Multi-material additive manufacturing: A systematic review of design, properties, applications, challenges, and 3D printing of materials and cellular metamaterials

Materials & Design, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 226, С. 111661 - 111661

Опубликована: Янв. 27, 2023

Extensive research on nature-inspired cellular metamaterials has globally inspired innovations using single material and limited multifunctionality. Additive manufacturing (AM) of intricate geometries multi-materials provides additional functionality, environmental adaptation, improved mechanical properties. Recently, several studies have been conducted multi-material additive (MMAM) technologies, including multi-materials, methodologies, design, optimization. However, in the past six years, very few or no systematic complete reviews this domain. This review intends to comprehensively summarize MMAM systems working principles its fundamental processes. Herein, Multi-material combinations their modeling, analysis strategies reviewed systematically. In particular, focus is applications opportunities for industries postprocessing fabricated parts. Furthermore, identified limitations challenges existing software packages, processes, materials, joining mechanisms, especially at interfaces. Finally, we discuss possible overcome aforementioned technological state future directions, which will provide insights researchers engineers designing complex objects.

Язык: Английский

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Advancing sustainable shape memory polymers through 4D printing of polylactic acid-polybutylene adipate terephthalate blends

European Polymer Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 216, С. 113289 - 113289

Опубликована: Июль 9, 2024

One of the major challenges in 4D printed Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) is their slow response to thermal stimuli. Synthetic carbon fillers have been introduced address this issue; however, use comes with environmental concerns. On other hand, Polylactic Acid (PLA) commonly used for 3D/4D printing SMPs, but it requires softening achieve large deformations. This research paper introduces a sustainable solution through blending PLA Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) that not only addresses these also possesses eco-friendliness due PBAT's high biodegradability rate. PBAT weight percentages 15 %, 30 and 45 % utilized soften PLA, composites are successfully printed. Mechanical properties, shape memory effects, morphology, behaviors comprehensively investigated. The results show excellent features such as 220 elongation 93 recovery just few seconds. two PLA-PBAT blends complete less than 8 s. contains PBAT, addition strength (40 MPa), has 17 elongation. This, coupled low melting temperature drives Scanning electron microscopy images finally confirm printability all three blends, composite containing exhibiting best quality layer interfaces least porosity.

Язык: Английский

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Shape memory performance assessment of FDM 3D printed PLA-TPU composites by Box-Behnken response surface methodology

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 127(1-2), С. 935 - 950

Опубликована: Май 22, 2023

Abstract In this paper, for the first time, role of manufacturing parameters fused deposition modeling (FDM) on shape memory effect (SME) is investigated by design experiments. PLA-TPU blend with a weight composition 30:70% processed melt mixing and then extruded into 1.75 mm filaments 3D printing via FDM. SEM images reveal that TPU droplets are distributed in PLA matrix, immiscible matrix-droplet morphology evident. Box-Behnken (BBD), as an experimental response surface method (RSM), implemented to fit model between variables responses. The shell, infill density, nozzle temperature selected variables, their effects loading stress, recovery fixity, ratio studied detail. An analysis variance (ANOVA) applied estimate importance each parameter output assess fitness presented model. ANOVA results high accuracy parameters. Infill density had greatest least roles properties, respectively. Also, values fixity were obtained ranges 58–100% 53–91%, Despite many researches 4D PLA, low ductility at room stress relaxation rate its weakness, which covered adding research. Due lack similar outcomes specialized literature, paper likely fill gap state-of-the-art problem supply pertinent data instrumental FDM functional polymers less material consumption.

Язык: Английский

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Toughening PVC with Biocompatible PCL Softeners for Supreme Mechanical Properties, Morphology, Shape Memory Effects, and FFF Printability

Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 308(10)

Опубликована: Май 18, 2023

Abstract In this article, a first of its kind blend polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and biocompatible polycaprolactone (PCL) is introduced by melt mixing then 3D printed successfully via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Experimental tests are carried out on PCL‐PVC blends to assess thermo‐mechanical behaviors, morphology, fracture toughness, shape‐memory effects printability. Macro microscopic reveal that PVC‐PCL compounds miscible due high molecular compatibility strong interaction. This causes extraordinary mechanical properties specially for PVC‐10 wt% PCL. addition the desired tensile strength (45 MPa), material has completely rubbery behavior at ambient temperature, total elongation more than 81%. addition, formability it capability being programed different protocols. Programming show have an excellent effect result in 100% shape recovery. SEM results prove improvement PVC printability with 10 Toughened PCL herein added materials library FFF printers expected revolutionize applications field biomedical 4D printing appropriate properties, supreme printability, biocompatibility.

Язык: Английский

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4D printing of porous PLA-TPU structures: effect of applied deformation, loading mode and infill pattern on the shape memory performance

Physica Scripta, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 99(2), С. 025013 - 025013

Опубликована: Дек. 28, 2023

Abstract For the first time, synergy of shape memory polymer (SMP) blending, 4D printing, and cold programming (CP) are investigated for improving functionality effect (SME), increasing medical applications porous structures, direct programming, removing current limitations. Porous PLA-TPU structures with different printing patterns applied deformation were CPed under constrained non-constrained compression modes at room temperature recovered in rubbery phase. The fixity recovery ratios calculated cross-section morphology was examined scanning electron microscopy (SEM). values range 39.75%–71.27%, while almost complete (100%) observed all samples. Low can be justified due to existence two steps spring-back structure relaxation after unloading resulting from elastic viscoelastic behavior. glass transition blend 69 °C shifted raw materials, indicating possibility some interaction between components. SEM images showed uniform distribution TPU particles matrix-droplet blend. After droplets stretched sea-island segments.

Язык: Английский

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4D Printing of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A Detailed Analysis of Microstructure, Programming, and Shape Memory Performance

Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 308(7)

Опубликована: Фев. 20, 2023

Abstract In this research, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with excellent shape‐memory effects is 4D printed via fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. An experimental procedure for successful 3D printing of lab‐made filament from PVC granules introduced. Macro‐ and microstructural features are investigated by means wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) techniques. A promising feature hypothesized the presence small close imperfect thermodynamically stable crystallites as physical crosslinks, which further reinforced mesomorphs possibly molecular entanglement. detailed shape fixity recovery performance carried out considering three programming scenarios cold ( T g −45 °C), warm −15 hot +15 °C) two load holding times 0 s, 600 s under three‐point bending compression modes. Extensive insightful discussions presented, in conclusion, promising,ranging 83.24% to 100%. Due absence similar results specialized literature, paper likely fill a gap state‐of‐the‐art materials library printing, provide pertinent that instrumental PVC‐based structures.

Язык: Английский

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Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review

Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 34(7), С. 2061 - 2082

Опубликована: Март 27, 2023

Abstract Additive manufacturing is an emerging technology with the advantage of less wastage, fast prototyping customized designing suitable for a wide range applications. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing one types additive and various polymers are explored 3D Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) versatile material that has gained increasing attention in applications due to its unique combination mechanical, thermal, chemical properties. This review paper provides overview current state‐of‐the‐art TPU‐based printing, including characteristics, processing techniques, mainly Extensive studies done TPU fused deposition modeling (FDM), multi‐jet fusion (MJF), selective laser sintering (SLS). The elasticity flexibility, layer adhesion, tensile strength, support structure parameters decide suitability FDM, SLS, MJF printing. infill density, modification parameters, use sacrificial materials, addition perforations or channels, varying particle size, using mixture powders, so forth. leads develop porous final product. In addition, we have studied blends other like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polylactic acid (PLA), as well fiber‐reinforced composites

Язык: Английский

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Poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol/carbon black composites for 4D printing

Materials Chemistry and Physics, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 325, С. 129737 - 129737

Опубликована: Июль 17, 2024

This research introduces PETG-CB (poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycol modified with carbon black) composites, a new class of shape memory polymers 4D printed using the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method. Nanocomposites varying concentrations CB (0.5 %, 1 and 3 % by weight) are developed to enhance functional performance PETG in printing applications. Comprehensive characterization at micro- macro-scale, including dynamic thermal mechanical analysis (DMTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), testing, is employed assess viscoelastic behavior, microstructural integrity, strength under stimulation. Experimental results reveal that addition significantly alters glass transition temperature improves properties, composite demonstrating optimal tensile enhanced effects. SEM confirms uniform distribution particles, contributing improved properties printability nanocomposites. The tests show excellent recovery rates above 97 faster observed composites higher content. These findings highlight potential applications requiring rapid response high performance, making them promising materials for future advancements technology.

Язык: Английский

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Investigating the Effect of ABS on the Mechanical Properties, Morphology, Printability, and 4D Printing of PETG‐ABS Blends

Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 309(6)

Опубликована: Март 13, 2024

Abstract In this study, Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with three different ratios of 30%, 50%, and 70% is used to enhance the shape memory mechanical properties Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). Additionally, morphology, printability, dynamic thermomechanical analysis are also examined. The thermal test results show that PETG‐ABS compounds have two transition temperatures in range 80 110 °C, which related components. By changing weight percentage PETG from 30 70%, morphologies matrix‐droplet, sea‐island, combination co‐continuous matrix‐droplet observed. an increase strength ABS, can be justified due higher ABS compared PETG. highest tensile 32.48 MPa 15.16% elongation obtained for PETG‐ABS(30‐70) PETG‐ABS(70‐30), respectively. Due better performance PETG, PETG‐ABS(50‐50) PETG‐ABS(70‐30) complete recovery, recovery rate increased. This diversity properties, effect one goals research well fulfilled.

Язык: Английский

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3D and 4D Printing of PETG–ABS–Fe3O4 Nanocomposites with Supreme Remotely Driven Magneto-Thermal Shape-Memory Performance

Polymers, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 16(10), С. 1398 - 1398

Опубликована: Май 14, 2024

This study introduces novel PETG–ABS–Fe3O4 nanocomposites that offer impressive 3D- and 4D-printing capabilities. These can be remotely stimulated through the application of a temperature-induced magnetic field. A direct granule-based FDM printer equipped with pneumatic system to control output melt flow is utilized print composites. addresses challenges associated using high weight percentage nanoparticles lack over geometry when producing precise continuous filaments. SEM results showed interface matrix was smooth uniform, increase in weakened printed layers. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased from 25.98 MPa for pure PETG–ABS sample 26.3 27.05 10% 15% Fe3O4 nanocomposites, respectively. accompanied by decrease elongation 15.15% 13.94% 12.78%. shape-memory performance reveal adding iron oxide not only enables indirect remote recovery but also improves effect. Improving heat transfer strengthening elastic component rate amount shape recovery. Nanocomposites containing 20% demonstrate superior subjected stimulation field, despite exhibiting low quality poor strength. Smart remote-control capabilities provide opportunities 4D printing diverse industries, particularly medicine, where rapid speed are essential minimally invasive procedures.

Язык: Английский

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