ACS Omega,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
10(7), С. 6470 - 6501
Опубликована: Фев. 13, 2025
Energy
plays
a
key
role
in
the
socioeconomic
development
of
society,
and
most
its
global
demand
is
provided
by
conventional
resources
(e.g.,
fossil
fuels).
Utilizing
renewable
energy
significantly
growing
since
it
can
meet
while
minimizing
adverse
impacts
carbon
emissions
on
climate
change.
Biomass
an
appealing
option
among
emerging
alternatives
wind
solar).
Torrefaction
mild
pyrolysis
process,
this
research
aims
to
analyze
torrefaction
process
lignocellulosic
biomass.
The
methodology
proposed
involves
employing
hybrid
models
artificial
neural
network-particle
swarm
optimization
(ANN-PSO),
adaptive
neuro-fuzzy
inference
system
(ANFIS),
coupled
simulated
annealing-least-squares
support
vector
machine
(CSA-LSSVM).
In
addition
learning
algorithms,
correlation
developed
using
gene
expression
programming
(GEP)
interrelate
biomass
properties,
including
moisture
content,
volatile
matter,
fixed
carbon,
ash,
sample
size,
contents
oxygen,
hydrogen,
nitrogen
along
with
operating
condition
encompassing
residence
time,
temperature,
concentration
CO2,
O2,
N2
solid
yield
as
target
variable.
results
reveal
that
CSA-LSSVM
model
has
highest
accuracy,
statistical
metrics
coefficient
determination
(R2),
mean
square
error
(MSE),
average
absolute
relative
percentage
(AARE%)
are
0.98,
0.00082,
2.61%,
respectively.
parametric
sensitivity
analysis
demonstrates
content
influential
variables,
temperature
playing
crucial
findings
be
used
assess
similar
torrefaction,
providing
required
knowledge
for
modeling
process.
Hence,
bioenergy
industry
optimal
conditions,
cost
energy,
lessen
negative
CO2
emission.
Carbon Resources Conversion,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
6(4), С. 334 - 351
Опубликована: Март 21, 2023
Hydrogen
has
attracted
widespread
attention
as
a
carbon-neutral
energy
source,
but
developing
efficient
and
safe
hydrogen
storage
technologies
remains
huge
challenge.
Recently,
liquid
organic
carriers
(LOHCs)
technology
shown
great
potential
for
stable
transport.
This
allows
economical
large-scale
transoceanic
transportation
long-cycle
storage.
In
particular,
traditional
liquids
are
derived
from
nonrenewable
fossil
fuels
through
costly
refining
procedures,
resulting
in
unavoidable
environmental
contamination.
Biomass
holds
promise
the
preparation
of
LOHCs
due
to
its
unique
carbon-balance
properties
feasibility
manufacture
aromatic
nitrogen-doped
compounds.
According
recent
studies,
almost
100%
conversion
92%
yield
benzene
could
be
obtained
advanced
biomass
technologies,
showing
preparing
biomass-based
LOHCs.
Overall,
present
systems
their
applications
introduced
this
review,
technical
paths
summarized.
Furthermore,
paper
provides
an
outlook
on
future
development
technology,
focusing
biomass-derived
N-doped
compounds
Journal of the Energy Institute,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
113, С. 101559 - 101559
Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2024
Biochar
refers
to
the
carbonaceous
black
solid
residue
product
obtained
from
thermochemical
decomposition
of
waste
biomass
typically
under
oxygen-limited
environment.
There
are
many
methods
for
biochar
production
streams,
prominent
pyrolysis,
torrefaction,
and
hydrothermal
carbonization.
However,
yield
properties
depend
mainly
on
process
parameters,
such
as
temperature,
residence
time,
heating
rate,
gas
environment,
feedstock
types,
among
others.
This
review
provides
current
state-of-art
in
by
assessing
parametric
influence
conditions
yields,
properties,
compositions
across
carbonization
their
variants.
Furthermore,
compares
contrasts
different
techniques
with
respect
mass
energy
at
similar
conditions.
It
was
found
that
irrespective
techniques,
operating
typically,
150–300
°C
hydrothermal,
200–300
300–600
remain
most
influential
parameter
compositions.
While
char
yields
comparable
various
conversion
they
had
strong
effect
properties.
Woody
crop
residues
dominant
feedstocks
studied
due
attractive
bioenergy
(volatile
matter
>80%
ash
content
<15%).
Lastly,
slow
pyrolysis
is
optimized
technique
a
typical
25–50
wt%,
carbon
30–70
wt%
calorific
value
10–30
MJ/kg
450
lignocellulosic
biomass.
Other
critical
findings
have
been
summarised,
perspectives
future
research
were
provided.
Overall,
assessment
can
serve
directive
tool
selecting
an
ideal
technology
high
quality
production.
Abstract
Fe─N─C
is
the
most
promising
alternative
to
platinum‐based
catalysts
lower
cost
of
proton‐exchange‐membrane
fuel
cell
(PEMFC).
However,
deficient
durability
has
hindered
their
application.
Herein,
a
TiN‐doped
(Fe─N─C/TiN)
elaborately
synthesized
via
sol–gel
method
for
oxygen‐reduction
reaction
(ORR)
in
PEMFC.
The
interpenetrating
network
composed
by
and
TiN
can
simultaneously
eliminate
free
radical
intermediates
while
maintaining
high
ORR
activity.
As
result,
H
2
O
yields
Fe─N─C/TiN
are
suppressed
below
4%,
≈4
times
than
Fe─N─C,
half‐wave
potential
only
lost
15
mV
after
30
kilo‐cycle
accelerated
test
(ADT).
In
─O
assembled
with
Fe─N─C/TiN,
it
presents
980
mA
cm
−2
current
density
at
0.6
V,
880
mW
peak
power
density,
17
voltage
loss
0.80
A
10
ADT.
experiment
calculation
results
prove
that
strong
adsorption
interaction
(such
as
*OH,
*OOH,
etc.),
radicals
scavenged
subsequently.
rational
integration
Fe
single‐atom,
scavenger,
highly
porous
adequately
utilize
intrinsic
advantages
composite
structure,
enabling
durable
active
Pt‐metal‐free
catalyst
