Complement and COVID-19: Three years on, what we know, what we don't know, and what we ought to know

Immunobiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 228(3), С. 152393 - 152393

Опубликована: Май 1, 2023

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus was identified in China 2019 as the causative agent of COVID-19, and quickly spread throughout world, causing over 7 million deaths, which occurred prior to introduction first vaccine. In following discussion, while recognising that complement is just one many players we focus on relationship between COVID-19 disease, with limited digression into directly-related areas such complement, kinin release, coagulation. Prior outbreak, an important role for diseases had been established. Subsequently, multiple investigations patients confirmed dysregulation likely be a major driver disease pathology, some, if not all, patients. These data fuelled evaluation complement-directed therapeutic agents small patient cohorts, claims significant beneficial effect. As yet, these early results have reflected larger clinical trials, posing questions who treat, appropriate time duration treatment, optimal target treatment. While control pandemic has achieved through global scientific medical effort comprehend etiology extensive SARS-CoV-2 testing quarantine measures, vaccine development, improved therapy, possibly aided by attenuation dominant strains, it yet over. this review, summarise complement-relevant literature, emphasise its main conclusions, formulate hypothesis involvement COVID-19. Based make suggestions how any future outbreak might better managed order minimise impact

Язык: Английский

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A Comprehensive Review of the Development and Therapeutic Use of Antivirals in Flavivirus Infection

Viruses, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(1), С. 74 - 74

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2025

Flaviviruses are a diverse group of viruses primarily transmitted through hematophagous insects like mosquitoes and ticks. Significant expansion in the geographic range, prevalence, vectors flavivirus over last 50 years has led to dramatic increase infections that can manifest as hemorrhagic fever or encephalitis, leading prolonged morbidity mortality. Millions every year pose serious threat worldwide public health, encouraging scientists develop better understanding pathophysiology immune evasion mechanisms these for vaccine development antiviral therapy. Extensive research been conducted developing effective antivirals flavivirus. Various approaches have extensively utilized clinical trials development, targeting virus entry, replication, polyprotein synthesis processing, egress pathways exploiting well host proteins. However, date, no licensed drug exists treat diseases caused by viruses. Understanding host-pathogen interaction, immunity, viral evasion, disease pathogenesis is highly warranted foster antivirals. This review provides an detailed summary most recent advances drugs combat diseases.

Язык: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Related Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Phenomena In Vitro and In Vivo

Microorganisms, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(4), С. 1015 - 1015

Опубликована: Апрель 13, 2023

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon in which antibodies produced the body after infection or vaccination may enhance subsequent viral infections vitro and vivo. Although rare, symptoms of diseases are also enhanced by ADE following This thought to be due production with low neutralizing activity that bind virus facilitate entry, antigen-antibody complexes cause airway inflammation, predominance T-helper 2 cells among immune system leads excessive eosinophilic tissue infiltration. Notably, disease different phenomena overlap. In this article, we will describe three types ADE: (1) Fc receptor (FcR)-dependent macrophages, (2) FcR-independent other cells, (3) FcR-dependent cytokine macrophages. We their relationship natural infection, discuss possible involvement COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Язык: Английский

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A Review: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in Viral Infections

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(7), С. 1240 - 1240

Опубликована: Июль 14, 2023

Antibody Dependent Enhancement (ADE) of an infection has been interest in the investigation many viruses. It is associated with severity infection. ADE mediated by non-neutralizing antibodies, antibodies at sub-neutralizing concentrations, or cross-reactive antibodies. Treatments like plasma therapy, B cell immunizations, and antibody therapies may trigger ADE. seen as impediment to vaccine development well. In viruses including Dengue virus (DENV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, Middle East (MERS) human immunodeficiency (HIV), Ebola Zika influenza likely mechanisms are postulated described. improves likelihood productively infecting cells that expressing complement receptor Fc (FcR) rather than viral receptors. occurs when FcR, particularly gamma receptor, and/or system, Complement 1q (C1q), allow entry virus-antibody complex into cell. Moreover, alters innate immune pathways escape from lysis, promoting replication inside produces particles. This review discusses involvement FcR downstream immunomodulatory ADE, antiviral signaling modification its impact on facilitating replication. Additionally, we have outlined modes cases different reported until now.

Язык: Английский

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The Novelty of mRNA Viral Vaccines and Potential Harms: A Scoping Review

J — Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 6(2), С. 220 - 235

Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2023

Pharmacovigilance databases are showing evidence of injury in the context modified COVID-19 mRNA products. According to recent publications, adverse event reports linked injections largely point spike protein as an aetiological agent events, but we propose that platform itself may be culpable. To assess safety current and future vaccines, further analysis is needed on risks due itself, not specifically expressed antigen. If harm can exclusively conclusively attributed protein, then it possible vaccines expressing other antigens will safe. harms attributable regardless toxicity, or lack thereof, antigen expressed, inherently unsafe, pending modification. In this work, examine previous studies RNA-based delivery by a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) break down elements harm.

Язык: Английский

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Antibody‐dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS‐CoV‐2 in patients exposed to MERS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens

Journal of Medical Virology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 96(5)

Опубликована: Апрель 29, 2024

Abstract This study evaluated the potential for antibody‐dependent enhancement (ADE) in serum samples from patients exposed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV). Furthermore, we effect of severe acute 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccination on ADE individuals with a MERS infection history. We performed assay sera recovered and SARS‐CoV‐2‐vaccinated using BHK cells expressing FcgRIIa, SARS‐CoV‐2, MERS‐CoV pseudoviruses (PVs). Further, analyzed association IgG levels neutralization. Out 16 patients, nine demonstrated against SARS‐CoV‐2 PV, however, none PV. out seven after infection, only one patient (acutely infected MERS‐CoV) showed Further analysis indicated that IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 S1 RBD subunits, IgG1 IgG2 subunit, neutralizing activity were low ADE‐positive samples. In summary, MERS‐CoV‐infected exhibited was significantly associated antibodies. Subsequent exposure resulted diminished while PV neutralization broadly reactive antibody response some

Язык: Английский

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Zika Virus: A Review of Biology, Clinical Impacts, and Coinfections

Viruses, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(5), С. 637 - 637

Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2025

The Zika virus (ZIKV) gained prominence as a significant global pathogen after the 2015–2016 outbreaks associated it with an increase in neurological complications adults and congenital malformations. Different mechanisms have been proposed by which ZIKV may cross blood–brain barrier reach central nervous system to cause neuroinflammation. Although infection triggers robust immune response, has developed different strategies escape it. Furthermore, although is present areas cocirculation of other pathogenic agents, few studies evaluated cross-immune reactions coinfection ZIKV. Coinfections viruses, parasites, bacteria are described. Such interactions can worsen infections alter imposing new therapeutic challenges highlighting need for more field. In this review, we discuss various aspects biology, focusing on impacts coinfections.

Язык: Английский

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A Comprehensive Review on Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with Emphasis on Immunity

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 12(8), С. 942 - 942

Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2024

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in pig production worldwide responsible for enormous economic losses. PRRSV infection gestating gilts sows induces failure. Additionally, distress observed infected piglets fattening pigs, resulting growth retardation increased mortality. Importantly, interferes with immunity tract, making PRRSV-infected pigs more susceptible to opportunistic secondary pathogens. Despite availability commercial vaccines than three decades, control disease remains a frustrating challenging task. This paper provides comprehensive overview PRRSV, covering its history, scientific importance, description viral structure genetic diversity. It explores virus’s pathogenesis, including cell tropism, entry, replication, stages epidemiology. reviews porcine innate adaptative immune responses comprehend modulation mechanisms employed by PRRS evasion.

Язык: Английский

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Current status of the development of dengue vaccines

Vaccine X, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 22, С. 100604 - 100604

Опубликована: Дек. 18, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Antibody-dependent enhancement of ORFV uptake into host cells

Virulence, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2025

Orf virus (ORFV) has been demonstrated to infect both goat non-immune cells, specifically epithelial and blood immune cells. Our previous studies have indicated that ORFV gains entry into cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis macropinocytosis pathways. However, the pathway by which enters not yet elucidated. findings revealed a differential viral internalization in ORFV-infects contrasting pathways potentially involving an antibody-related mechanism. Therefore, our hypothesis posits antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) pathway. experimental confirm presence of ADE effect ORFV-infected mediated Fc receptors (FcRs) as antibody-blocking experiments. Furthermore, was also observed Nevertheless, found be dependent on interaction between virus-antibody complex receptors, Instead, it is suggested alternative mechanism complement factor (CRs) may responsible. Overall, this research offers insights unique infection different cell types, offering novel perspective pathogenic mechanisms ORFV.

Язык: Английский

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