Foster Care: How We Can, and Should, Do More for Maltreated Children

Social policy report, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 33(3), С. 1 - 40

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2020

Abstract Foster care provides round‐the‐clock substitute for nearly 700,000 U.S. children who are temporarily or permanently separated from their family of origin each year. Each state manages its own foster system according to federal regulations. Despite numerous large‐scale policy reforms over the past several decades, substantial concerns remain about experiences and outcomes in system. The most recent effort reform care, Family First Prevention Services Act 2018, attempts both reduce use increase quality care. In this report, we review how has shaped where succeeded, it falls short achieving goals. We then identify opportunities better support safety, health, well‐being

Язык: Английский

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Eating Disorders, Heredity and Environmental Activation: Getting Epigenetic Concepts into Practice

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 9(5), С. 1332 - 1332

Опубликована: Май 3, 2020

Epigenetic mechanisms are believed to link environmental exposures alterations in gene expression, and so doing, provide a physical substrate for the activation of hereditary potentials by life experiences. In keeping with this idea, accumulating data suggest that epigenetic processes implicated eating-disorder (ED) etiology. This paper reviews literature on putative links between factors EDs, examines ways which programming expression could account gene-environment interactions acting EDs. The also presents evidence suggesting malnutrition stresses (gestational, perinatal, childhood, adult) risk ED development. Drawing from empirical clinical experience, we propose an epigenetically informed understanding etiology can benefit patients, caregivers, clinicians alike, sense perspective reduce judgmental or blameful attitudes part increase self-acceptance optimism about recovery those affected.

Язык: Английский

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Childhood trauma, the stress response and metabolic syndrome: A focus on DNA methylation

European Journal of Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 55(9-10), С. 2253 - 2296

Опубликована: Июнь 25, 2021

Childhood trauma (CT) is well established as a potent risk factor for the development of mental disorders. However, potential adverse early experiences to exert chronic and profound effects on physical health, including aberrant metabolic phenotypes, has only been more recently explored. Among these consequences syndrome (MetS), which characterised by at least three five related cardiometabolic traits: hypertension, insulin resistance/hyperglycaemia, raised triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein central obesity. The deleterious CT health outcomes may be partially attributable dysregulation hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, coordinates response stress, consequent fostering pro-inflammatory environment. Epigenetic tags, such DNA methylation, are sensitive environmental influences provide means whereby can biologically embedded persist into adulthood affect well-being. methylome regulates transcription genes involved in stress response, metabolism inflammation. This narrative review examines evidence methylation MetS order identify shared neuroendocrine immune correlates that mediate increased following exposure. Our specifically highlights differential FKBP5, gene encodes FK506-binding protein 51 pleiotropic responding, inflammation energy metabolism, candidate understand molecular aetiology underlying CT-associated risk.

Язык: Английский

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Combined effects of genotype and childhood adversity shape variability of DNA methylation across age

Translational Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2021

Lasting effects of adversity, such as exposure to childhood adversity (CA) on disease risk, may be embedded via epigenetic mechanisms but findings from human studies investigating the main measures, including DNA methylation (DNAm), are inconsistent. Studies in perinatal tissues indicate that variability DNAm at birth is best explained by joint genotype and prenatal environment. Here, we extend these analyses postnatal stressors. We investigated contribution CA, cis (G), their additive (G + CA) interactive × blood or saliva five independent cohorts with a total sample size 1074 ranging age late adulthood. Of these, 541 were exposed which was assessed retrospectively using self-reports verified through social services registries. For majority sites (over 50%) adult cohorts, G CA almost never alone. Across ages tissues, 1672 showed consistency model all interactions explaining most variance. The consistent mapped genes enriched brain-specific transcripts Gene Ontology terms related development synaptic function. Interaction genotypes strongest variability, stable across functionally relevant genes. This underscores importance impact environmental factors marks.

Язык: Английский

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Exposure to the plasticizer, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during juvenile period exacerbates autism-like behavior in adult BTBR T + tf/J mice due to DNA hypomethylation and enhanced inflammation in brain and systemic immune cells

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 109, С. 110249 - 110249

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Transmission of the adverse consequences of childhood maltreatment across generations: Focus on gestational biology

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 215, С. 173372 - 173372

Опубликована: Март 5, 2022

Childhood maltreatment (CM) has well-established consequences for the mental and physical health of exposed individual. Accumulating evidence now suggests that detrimental sequelae CM may be transmitted from one generation to next, thereby extending long-term ramifications early adverse experiences constituting intergenerational continuity in poor outcomes. In this review, current state knowledge on effects maternal exposure is summarized transmission pathways are discussed, specifically direct as well indirect involving variation gestational biology. The review begins with a definition an overview clinical neurobiological offspring generation. intrauterine period biology identified potential time window mechanism transmission, respectively. Furthermore, summary available supporting both biological development included. Finally, gaps challenges investigation role mechanisms addressed considerations future study designs along our studies provided.

Язык: Английский

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Childhood constipation: Current status, challenges, and future perspectives

World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11(5), С. 385 - 404

Опубликована: Сен. 6, 2022

Constipation in children is a major health issue around the world, with global prevalence of 9.5%. They present to clinicians myriad clinical signs. The Rome IV symptom-based criteria are used diagnose functional constipation. Functional constipation also huge financial burden for healthcare system and has detrimental impact on health-related quality life children. There various risk factors identified globally, including centrally connected such as child abuse, emotional behavioral issues, psychological stress. precipitated by low-fiber diet, physical inactivity, an altered intestinal microbiome. main pathophysiological mechanism stool withholding, while rectal function, anal sphincter, pelvic floor, colonic dysfunction play important roles. Clinical evaluation critical making diagnosis, most investigations only required refractory patients. In treatment childhood constipation, both nonpharmacological (education de-mystification, dietary changes, toilet training, interventions, biofeedback, floor physiotherapy), pharmacological (osmotic stimulant laxatives novel drugs like prucalopride lubiprostone) interventions used. For transanal irrigation, botulinum toxin, neuromodulation, surgical treatments reserved. While frequent use probiotics still experimental stage, healthy habits, living lifestyle limiting exposure stressful events, all beneficial preventive measures.

Язык: Английский

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The body keeps the score: The neurobiological profile of traumatized adolescents

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 145, С. 105033 - 105033

Опубликована: Янв. 4, 2023

Trauma-related disorders are debilitating psychiatric conditions that affect people who have directly or indirectly witnessed adversities. Experiencing multiple types of traumas appears to be common during childhood, and even more so adolescence. Dramatic brain/body transformations occurring adolescence may provide a highly responsive substrate external stimuli lead trauma-related vulnerability conditions, such as internalizing (anxiety, depression, anhedonia, withdrawal) externalizing (aggression, delinquency, conduct disorders) problems. Analyzing relations among neuronal, endocrine, immune, biochemical signatures trauma behaviors, including the role personality traits in shaping these conducts, this review highlights marked effects traumatic experience on involve changes at nearly every level analysis, from brain structure, function connectivity endocrine immune systems, gene expression (including gut) development personality.

Язык: Английский

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Examining the biological mechanisms of human mental disorders resulting from gene-environment interdependence using novel functional genomic approaches

Neurobiology of Disease, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 178, С. 106008 - 106008

Опубликована: Янв. 20, 2023

We explore how functional genomics approaches that integrate datasets from human and non-human model systems can improve our understanding of the effect gene-environment interplay on risk for mental disorders. start by briefly defining G-E paradigm its challenges then discuss different levels regulation gene expression corresponding data existing in humans (genome wide genotyping, transcriptomics, DNA methylation, chromatin modifications, chromosome conformational changes, non-coding RNAs, proteomics metabolomics), discussing novel to application these study origins health. Finally, we multilevel integration diverse types data. Advance use context a perspective improves detection vulnerabilities, informing development preventive therapeutic interventions.

Язык: Английский

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A Systematic Review of the Biological Correlates and Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment and Adverse Childhood Experiences

Trauma Violence & Abuse, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 24(1), С. 156 - 173

Опубликована: Июнь 9, 2021

Childhood maltreatment (CM) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are two primary forms of interpersonal victimization that have been associated with a host deleterious health outcomes. Studies over the past decade begun to use range biologically informed methods better understand role biology plays in relationship between CM, ACEs, later life This line research has shown both occur at sensitive periods development, which can increase likelihood “getting under skin” influence behavior across course. review examines current state knowledge on this hypothesis. One hundred ninety-nine studies included systematic based criteria they be written English, method, conducted samples humans. Results reveal latent additive genetic influences, biological system functioning captured by biomarkers, polygenic risk scores, neurobiological factors commonly exposure response CM ACEs. The implication these findings for existing body early recommendations future policy discussed.

Язык: Английский

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